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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
They are present in most tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood (Augello et al. 2010). The proliferative capacity of multipotent cells is less than that of the aforementioned cells. They can synthesise different cells from germinal or specific layers such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), respectively. The MSCs are the recognised multipotent stem cell among others.
Can we accelerate the osteoporotic bone fracture healing response?
Published in Peter V. Giannoudis, Thomas A. Einhorn, Surgical and Medical Treatment of Osteoporosis, 2020
Martijn van Griensven, Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
Besides the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue can also be used that can be obtained from liposuction or liporesection procedures (19). The isolation of cells from adipose tissue is slightly more cumbersome than that from bone marrow. The fat tissue needs to be minced and digested by enzymes to allow the mesenchymal stem cells to be released from the tissue. The suspension of minced tissue and mesenchymal stem cells can then be passed through a cell strainer so that only the cell suspension remains. An automated procedure exists for clinical usage directly in the operating room.
Surgical Techniques: Subcision, Grafting, Excision, and Punch Techniques
Published in Antonella Tosti, Maria Pia De Padova, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Kenneth R. Beer, Acne Scars, 2018
Rohit Kakar, Farhaad Riyaz, Megan Pirigyi, Murad Alam
Recent work in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine suggests that novel approaches to scar revision may be available in the future. Great strides have been made in elucidating the differences between the process of fibrotic wound healing that leads to scarring and the pathways that produce perfect regeneration of injured tissues, a phenomenon that can be observed in human fetuses and other organisms [58]. Skin progenitor cells have already been identified in mammals, and it is expected that by grafting such cells into injured skin and providing the right microenvironmental conditions, healing by regeneration may be induced [58]. Thus, it may eventually become possible to excise a fibrotic scar and manipulate the resultant wound in such a way that it will be replaced by normal, healthy skin. A recently described therapeutic intervention study involves the use of stem cells for the rejuvenation and visual improvement of scars. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood where they function as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells [59]. Ibrahim et al. found a significant qualitative and quantitative improvement in 14 patients where acne scars were directly injected with autologous bone marrow stem cells [60]. Similarly, Zhou and colleagues evaluated the use of topical adipose-derived stem cells at baseline, 1 week after the first treatment and 1 month after each treatment with fractional CO2 laser for facial atrophic acne scars and skin rejuvenation [61]. Both groups saw an increase in subject satisfaction, elasticity and skin hydration, and decreased transepidermal water loss, roughness and melanin index. Histologic analysis from one patient showed an increase in dermal collagen and elastin densities [61]. Consequently, the use of stem cells may be considered as a sole treatment or in conjunction with surgical management for potentially improved outcomes. Recently, outpatient clinic-based stem cell treatments for various clinical indications have come under United States Food and Drug Association scrutiny and clinics have been sanctioned for unsafe practices and making untested claims.
Exposure to tobacco smoke increases bone loss in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Jingyi Xu, Xing Qiu, Zhou Liang, Suzette Smiley-Jewell, Faqiang Lu, Mang Yu, Kent E. Pinkerton, Dewei Zhao, Bingyin Shi
Adipocytes, as well as osteoblasts and chondroblasts originate from the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) (Fridenshtein et al., 1968; Gimble, 1990). Increased marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has been linked to osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture (Verma et al., 2002; Naveiras et al., 2009; Fazeli et al., 2013; Schwartz, 2015). Although the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated, the interrelationship between adipocytes and osteoblasts within the bone marrow was assumed to be, at least partially, involved in such causal relationship (Rosen et al., 2009). Our results linked increased number of adipocytes in the trabecular bone marrow with exposure to tobacco smoke, either in normotensive or hypertensive rats. The combinative effect of hypertension and exposure to tobacco smoke also contributed to a significantly decreased number of trabecular osteocytes, suggesting inhibited osteogenesis. Within the trabecular milieu, increased adipocyte population contributes to a biomechanical environment that erects detrimental effect on osteogenic differentiation of trabecular mesenchymal stem cells (Discher et al., 2005; David et al., 2007; Gurkan and Akkus, 2008; Vaughan et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2016), in addition to its lipotoxic effect on trabecular osteoblasts (Maurin et al., 2000; Elbaz et al., 2010; Gunaratnam et al., 2014). Therefore, tobacco smoke exposure-induced increase in the number of adipocytes in trabecular marrow could adversely influence the functional expression of trabecular osteoblasts as well as osteogenesis, reflected by reduced BMD and trabecular parameters.
Leptin’s Immune Action: A Review Beyond Satiety
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Alice Abend Bardagi, Clarissa dos Santos Paschoal, Giovanna Ganem Favero, Luisa Riccetto, Maria Luisa Alexandrino Dias, Gil Guerra Junior, Giovanna Degasperi
Along with immune cells from myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, the bone marrow microenvironment also comprises fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, bone marrow sinusoidal endothelial cells, and adipocytes. The latter are components of bone marrow fat, which is located in the bone marrow cavity and accounts for 70% of adult bone marrow volume (Gómez et al. 2020). Constitutive marrow adipose tissue (cMAT) and regulated marrow adipose tissue (rMAT) are distinct populations of fat in the bone marrow. Hematopoiesis is influenced by rMAT, which is situated in areas of high bone turnover. In contrast, cMAT is located in distal skeletal areas and does not appear to be directly involved in the process of hematopoiesis (Scheller et al. 2015).
Applications of mesenchymal stem cells in ocular surface diseases: sources and routes of delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Mohammad Soleimani, Ahmad Masoumi, Bita Momenaei, Kasra Cheraqpour, Raghuram Koganti, Arthur Y Chang, Mahmoud Ghassemi, Ali R Djalilian
The main advantage of using adipose tissue as a source for isolating MSCs is ease of procurement. Compared to bone marrow, adipose tissue is accessible through less invasive methods such as liposuction. Other advantages include the ability to isolate MSCs in large quantities (>100-fold higher than bone marrow) [56], and a greater colony generation frequency than BM-MSCs and umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs) [54]. Therefore, small fragments of fat reservoirs are sufficient to isolate MSCs. There are mixed reports on the safety and efficacy of AD-MCSs for ocular applications. In a rabbit model of corneal allograft rejection, intrastromal and systemic injection of AD-MSCs resulted in increased inflammation and lower graft survival compared to sham-treated corneal transplants [57]. Severe vision loss, retinal detachment, and ocular hypertension are reported following intravitreal injection of AD-MSCs [58,59]. Fragments of adipose tissue used to procure MSCs may contain a mixture of preadipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cell, mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages, which may accelerate myofibroblast-like cell transformation. This event may lead to the formation of tractional membranes and result in proliferative vitreoretinopathy [58]. However, Galindo et al. reported that AD-MSCs cultured on an amniotic membrane and transplanted to the ocular surface promote ocular surface regeneration in a rabbit model of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) [60]. Transplanted AD-MSCs decreased ocular surface inflammation, inhibited corneal neovascularization, and partially restored limbal and corneal epithelial phenotypes [60]. Thus, the efficacy and safety profiles of AD-MSCs in ocular surface disorders remains controversial.