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Ayurveda and COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
The mammalian part of our brain has the responsibility of ensuring that we perform all the functions that mammals do. It is responsible for the strong bonding between partners, the need to have offspring, and the love, care, and nurturing of the young ones. The mammalian brain is also programmed for protection, provision, and training of the next generation. In social animals like those that live in herds, and, of course, in human beings, the mammalian brain helps us understand our position in the herd, it helps us create social bonds, and gives us the feeling of belonging. On the flip side, the mammalian brain is responsible for our manipulative behaviour, the need to become the alpha male/female, possessiveness of our spouse and children, and greed for power, position, and possession. Many of the emotions and sensations that trouble us can also be traced back to the first two layers of the brain; fear, anxiety, worry, jealousy, envy, greed, one-upmanship, and, at times, shocking and shameful sexual urges. The first two layers of the brain have no idea of ethics, morals, social etiquette, or manners. They are primordial.
Prefrontal Inhibitory Signaling in the Control of Social Behaviors
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
To accomplish the complex functions of the cerebral cortex, the mammalian brain has evolved a large diversity of GABAergic INs. In rodent neocortex, PV INs and SST INs are the two largest subpopulations and account for about 40% and 30% of all GABAergic neurons, respectively (Lee et al. 2010; Rudy et al. 2011; Tremblay et al. 2016). Despite sharing the same developmental origin (Hu et al. 2017; Wonders and Anderson 2005), these two IN subtypes exhibit remarkable differences in morphological and physiological properties as described in the following text (Ascoli et al. 2008; Rudy et al. 2011; Somogyi and Klausberger 2005).
Storytelling and narratives: sitting comfortably with learning
Published in Jan Woodhouse, Dorothy Marriss, Strategies for Healthcare Education, 2019
Then, several years ago, I undertook a course of study on ‘integrative learning’, which highlighted the use of storytelling as a teaching strategy. However, this time the focus was not on children but on adults. To illustrate the point, we were read a story about dinosaur characters that charted the differences in and development of the brain. From this I learned that we have a mammalian brain, the limbic brain and the neocortex, each with different functions. Enthused by my encounter with this way of teaching, I was keen to put it into action.
High levels of HDAC expression correlate with microglial aging
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Jaione Auzmendi-Iriarte, Leire Moreno-Cugnon, Ander Saenz-Antoñanzas, Daniela Grassi, Marian M de Pancorbo, Maria-Angeles Arevalo, Ian C Wood, Ander Matheu
Aging is a time-dependent functional decline in the organs and tissues of most living organisms due to the gradual accumulation of cellular damage [1,2]. Although human aging affects the entire organism, aging of the brain is particularly distinctive. The mammalian brain is the most structurally and functionally complex organ [3]. The human brain contains billions of neurons and hundreds of trillions of nerve connections [4,5]. Neurons are surrounded by a vast number of glial cells, which are equivalent to or more than the neurons [5]. Aging affects neurons and glial cells and their alterations in neurogenic niches, contributing to a decline in cognitive ability, sensory perception, motor function, and coordination. A gene expression study has demonstrated that glial-specific genes predict age with greater precision than neuron-specific genes, as their region-specific pattern shifts upon the human brain aging [6].
Thermal lesions of the SCN do not abolish all gene expression rhythms in rat white adipose tissue, NAMPT remains rhythmic
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Rianne Van Der Spek, Ewout Foppen, Eric Fliers, Susanne La Fleur, Andries Kalsbeek
The circadian timing system coordinates physiology and behavior and enables an organism to anticipate recurring events during the day-night cycle. In mammals, a molecular clock is found in nearly every cell, consisting of a network of transcriptional translational auto-regulatory feedback loops (TTFL) (recently reviewed in (Takahashi 2017). The ‘central pacemaker’ or ‘master clock’ in the mammalian brain resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a bilateral nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm. Its endogenously generated circadian rhythm is synchronized to the exact 24 h rhythm of the external light-dark (LD) cycle by photic input from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) (Canteras et al. 2011). Although photic input is the main stimulus for synchronizing the SCN to the external environment, information from many other time cues, such as locomotor activity and arousal, variation in body temperature, local energy availability, circulating nutrients and hormones, as well as social signals contribute to this process. The SCN then uses various signaling pathways to relay this integrated temporal information to the ‘peripheral clocks’ in other brain areas and in the rest of the body (Albrecht 2012; Asher and Schibler 2011; Mohawk et al. 2012).
Early life stress decreases cell proliferation and the number of putative adult neural stem cells in the adult hypothalamus
Published in Stress, 2021
Pascal Bielefeld, Maralinde R. Abbink, Anna R. Davidson, Niels Reijner, Oihane Abiega, Paul J. Lucassen, Aniko Korosi, Carlos P. Fitzsimons
In addition to the hippocampus, several ‘non-canonical’ neurogenic niches have been recently described in the adult mammalian brain, including the rodent hypothalamus (Yoo and Blackshaw 2018; Feliciano et al., 2015; Kokoeva et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2005). This novel hypothalamic neurogenic niche has been observed in mouse, sheep and human brains (Batailler et al., 2014; Pellegrino et al., 2018). The identity of putative NSPC populations generating new neurons in the hypothalamus is still being investigated, but most studies point toward populations of tanycytes that express NSPC markers such as Nestin, Sox2, or vimentin (Haan et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2012; Robins et al., 2013a). In mice, hypothalamic tanycytes are divided in four types based on their cell type marker expression and localization: α1, α2, β1 and β2. While all α- and β-tanycytes co-express putative NSPC markers such as Sox2 and Nestin, they differ in their localization relative to the 3rd ventricle wall. α-Tanycytes are located more dorsally, while β-tanycytes occupy more ventral parts of the 3rd ventricle ependyma (Goodman and Hajihosseini, 2015). In addition, while the processes of α-tanycytes project horizontally to terminate in close proximity to the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (α1) as well as the dorsomedial part of the arcuate nucleus (α2), the processes from β-tanycytes curve to contact the hypothalamic parenchymal capillaries in the arcuate nucleus (β1) or the portal blood vessels of the median eminence (ME) (β2) (Prevot et al., 2018; Rizzoti and Lovell-Badge, 2017; Rodriguez et al., 2005).