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3-Nitropropionate
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
In insects that feed on leguminous plants, for example, Melanoplus species and Spodoptera littoralis, it was shown that the detoxification of 3-NPA occurs through the formation of conjugates of 3-NPA with glycine, alanine, threonine, and serine.102 The amino acid conjugates are then excreted via malphigian tubules of the insects.102 In the case of leaf beetles, the mechanism for preventing self-poisoning by 3-NPA involves the formation of the 3-NPA ester of 3-isoxazolin-5-one glucoside (Figure 88.2).37
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Isaacs, Charles Edward (1811–1860) Surgeon to Brooklyn City Hospital, King’s County Hospital, and Blackwell’s Island Hospital. He introduced dye experiments in the study of kidneys and defined the functions of Bowman capsule and Malpighian tubules.
The Anopheles vector
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
Mike W Service, Harold Townson
In the mosquito, the initial phase of diuresis and nitrogen excretion occurs in the five malpighian tubules. The resultant fluid is discharged into the hind-gut, being modified in the rectum before being discharged from the anus as urine. The dog heart-worm, Dirofilaria, which occasionally infects humans, undergoes part of its development in the malpighian tubules of mosquitoes.
Sub-lethal effects of thiamethoxam on Apis mellifera Linnaeus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Amit Choudhary, Bharathi Mohindru, Ashok Kumar Karedla, Jaspal Singh, Pardeep K. Chhuneja
Thiamethoxam (0.04 ng µL−1 day−1) has been reported to cause of cytoplasm vacuolization, increased apocrine secretion, and cell elimination in midgut digestive and regenerative cells (Oliveira et al.2013). This caused the cytotoxic effects in the midgut through alterations of the nuclei, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. These may compromise the cellular energy and protein production organelles (Catae et al.2014). Such effects were more pronounced after one day of exposure. The next stage is the discharge of toxicant into the hemolymph and there it alters the ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules, i.e. degeneration of the mitochondria and microvilli. This reduced the excretion of toxicants and caused the death of the insect. In addition to these, thiamethoxam (0.001 ng µL−1) affected the Kenyon cells of the brain. Overall this affected the longevity of the bees (Friol et al.2017). Alterations in optic lobes have also been reported after feeding the sub-lethal doses of thiamethoxam to the larvae of Africanized honey bees (Tavares et al.2015). This caused the death of the cells in the optic lobes leading to a reduction in the number of neurons. Any reduction in the number of neurons, if not reestablished, may cause disorientation of adult bees. In a chronic exposure experiment, Overmyer et al. (2017) reported 0.12 ng µL−1 sucrose solution to be the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for adults of A. m. ligustica.
How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Cristiano Salata, Sara Moutailler, Houssam Attoui, Erich Zweygarth, Lygia Decker, Lesley Bell-Sakyi
Isolated organs from adult, and occasionally nymphal, ticks have been used in a variety of short- and long-term studies focusing on tick physiology, pathogen propagation and/or development, and tick-pathogen interactions. The earliest studies, carried out on fed nymphal and adult female organs (ovaries, salivary glands, midguts, and Malpighian tubules) from ticks of the genera Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, demonstrated survival, determined by observation of peristalsis and examination of histological preparations, for 13–58 days in vitro [66]. Subsequent studies focussed on salivary glands; short-term organ cultures were used to unravel the mechanisms of salivation [67,68], and an elegant technique was developed for collection of saliva secreted by individually excised glands for up to 14 days in vitro [69]. Excised salivary glands, and occasionally other tissues, such as midgut, synganglion, ovaries, and Malpighian tubules, subsequently used in studies on pathogen metabolism, development, and interaction with host tissues [58,70–73], were reported to survive for, at most, 9–12 days. However, when co-cultivated with tick cell lines, adult organs from some tick species may maintain viability as shown by midgut peristalsis for up to four months (Bell-Sakyi, unpublished observations of unfed adult Dermacentor reticulatus organs co-cultivated with BME/CTVM23 cells).
Pleiotropy of the Drosophila melanogaster foraging gene on larval feeding-related traits
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2018
A. M. Allen, I. Anreiter, A. Vesterberg, S. J. Douglas, M. B. Sokolowski
Overall, this work represents a significant advance in how the foraging gene elicits its phenotypic effects in the larva. The expression patterns reported here can be used to generate new hypotheses about where foraging is required for other of its pleiotropic phenotypes. For example, foraging has previously been implicated in nutrient absorption in larvae (Kaun, Chakaborty-Chatterjee, & Sokolowski, 2008) and gut function in adults (Urquhart-Cronish & Sokolowski, 2014). The enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells reported here are important for absorption and digestion of ingested nutrients and visceral muscle may affect peristalsis of nutrients through the gut. foraging’s orthologue in mice is known to function in smooth muscle (Hofmann, Feil, Kleppisch, & Schlossmann, 2006; Hofmann et al., 2009; Lohmann, Vaandrager, Smolenski, Walter, & De Jonge, 1997) and it also affects gut passage time (Weber et al., 2007). The forpr3-Gal4 also drove expression in the Malpighian tubules. The tubules are vital for ion balance in the hemolymph, and foraging has been previously characterized for influencing adult Malpighian tubule secretion rate (MacPherson et al., 2004a, 2004b).