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Paediatric clinical pharmacology
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The collection of liver biopsies is considered high risk and not justified for research purposes alone, but may be acceptable when the primary purpose is for diagnosis or treatment [95]. In practice, paediatric liver biopsy material is not only difficult to obtain for research purposes, but when available, it is likely to have been collected from a patient with liver disease. Thus, many of the livers used to prepare microsomes have been obtained from aborted fetuses and post mortems in the first few hours after death [96,97]. A recent study of the developmental expression and activity of intestinal CYP3A4 was performed using duodenal and jejunal biopsies harvested at the same time as those to be used for clinical and diagnostic purposes [98]. All human tissue used for in vitro studies should be characterised histologically for the presence of disease. Post mortem enzyme degradation may occur and tissue should be frozen at -80°C as soon as possible.
Human organs, tissues and biological materials
Published in Gary Chan Kok Yew, Health Law and Medical Ethics in Singapore, 2020
The human tissues regulatory framework is set up under the HBRA1 and subsidiary legislation. The scope of “human tissue” under this regulatory framework is broad, encompassing any human biological material2 but excludes the following: (i) hair shafts, nail plates, naturally excreted bodily fluids and waste products such as saliva, sweat, urine and faeces,3 and (ii) any other human biological material that is not individually identifiable and has been processed in such a manner that its functional, structural and biological characteristics are substantially manipulated as compared to the time of collection.4 Human tissues would include cord tissues, cord blood, bone marrow, human skin grafts and human bone chips.
The Induction of Bone Formation
Published in Ugo Ripamonti, The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
We further reported that the ultimate challenge of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering alike is to hypothesize the functional restoration of organs and tissues by exploring the development of human tissue factories (Ripamonti 2018a). In spite of the major advances in understanding cellular biology mechanistically, resolving several gene pathways in tissue induction and morphogenesis, successful translation in clinical contexts of the novel outstanding results in pre-clinical animal models is still not feasible (Ripamonti et al. 2007; Ferretti et al. 2010; Ripamonti et al. 2014; Ripamonti 2017). In our opinion it is worth repeating again what it is that we have stated previously (Ripamonti et al. 2014), i.e. that published perspectives in regenerative medicine have been published “even in the awareness that the need of such functionalities is largely not substantiated by experimental data” (Martin 2014).
The current and future applications of in situ hybridization technologies in anatomical pathology
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Hoi Yi Leung, Martin Ho Yin Yeung, Wai Tung Leung, King Hin Wong, Wai Yan Tang, William Chi Shing Cho, Heong Ting Wong, Hin Fung Tsang, Yin Kwan Evelyn Wong, Xiao Meng Pei, Hennie Yuk Lin Cheng, Amanda Kit Ching Chan, Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
With so many similarities with conventional PCR, it was often believed that in situ PCR should be as reproducible and straightforward as conventional PCR. However, upon practical implementation, it was found to be problematic. Human tissue is highly complex, often containing different bio-molecules and inhibitors that may inhibit the activity of various DNA polymerases. Thus, the amplification efficiency is often low and the reproducibility between different tissue sections is poor. Furthermore, degradation of tissue morphology is unavoidable due to repeated heating cycles in PCR amplification. Thus, in situ PCR is considered a cumbersome ISH technique, while the increase in detection sensitivity compared with conventional ISH is rather limited, even with optimization [33].
Recent advances in proteolytic stability for peptide, protein, and antibody drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Xianyin Lai, Jason Tang, Mohamed E.H. ElSayed
Except some well-studied peptidases like pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.23.1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, EC 3.4.14.5), and others, it is very challenging to select certain peptidases for proteolytic stability optimization of peptide, protein, and antibody drug candidates. Therefore, before specific peptidases are identified, a peptidase mixture of bodily fluids or tissues is an alternative approach to start the optimization. Because peptidases exist either outside or inside of cells, the strategy to obtain peptidase mixtures is to collect bodily fluids and homogenate cells from various tissues. Major human bodily fluids include gastric fluid, intestinal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, and amniotic fluid [36,37]. There are 11 major organ systems in the human’s organism. A specific part of an organ system is counted as a tissue type. Depending on the tissue collection, human tissue types could be as many as 44 kinds [30]. We will focus on some bodily fluids and tissues to discuss the impact of the peptidases from them on peptide, protein, and antibody drug candidates during SAR optimization.
Medical tourism globe-trotting: Features, impacts, and risks
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2020
Many ethical risks occur both within the organization and travel, and later in the single medical procedures and recovery. It is worth to mention that in the process of organizing the trip and treatment various brokers are involved, who often do not provide enough information about the procedure and the complications that it carries. Lately, there is concern about the procedure using human tissue and related ethical questions. There is also a broader ethical problem, the issue of inequality among patients because of differences in financial power. Thus in some countries, it was noted that doctors are too busy caring after foreign patients, and no longer having time for locals, mainly poor population [3]. In some countries as an important ethical problem often are highlighted new, under-researched technology and therapeutic procedures that are offered to patients. In many cases, it is difficult to distinguish the medical innovations for successfully treat patients from unacceptable abuse of patients [3].