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Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
The human skeleton consists of separate and fused bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. Bones gets arterial blood supply, venous drainage, and nerves. There is a tough fibrous layer with which particular surfaces of bones are covered. The human skeleton is changing always, it changes composition throughout lifespan. In the early stages, a fetus does not have any hard skeleton; bones are formed gradually during nine months in the womb. By birth, all bones are formed but a newborn baby has more bones than an adult. An adult human has 206 bones. A baby is born with around 300 bones. The bones do not have pockets or space left to grow further. The strength of the bones are not the same in all direction, it shows an isotropicity. Bones are not strong and stiff if stressed from side to side.
Electromyograms
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The skeletal muscle is otherwise referred to as striated muscle and is associated with the somatic nervous system (Lieber, 2002; Frontera & Ochala, 2015). The human skeleton has approximately 640 skeletal muscles (320 pairs) which are categorized into different groups: the head muscles, neck muscles, muscles of the torso and the muscles of the upper and lower extremities. (MacIntosh et al., 2006). The shape of skeletal muscles is categorized into four different groups as parallel, convergent, circular and pennate (MacIntosh et al., 2006). Most skeletal muscles are parallel muscles and have different shapes, flat bands, spindle shaped and belly shaped. The parallel muscles are characterized by fascicles running parallel to each other, and are also classified into two types based on their shapes, namely, fusiform and non-fusiform muscles. The fusiform muscles are spindle-shaped structures whereas non-fusiform muscles are rectangular shaped with constant diameter. Biceps brachial muscle is the most common parallel muscle in skeletal muscles.
Concept of Nutrition
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
The human skeleton contains nearly 99% of the total calcium of the body. In an adult person of 70 kg weight, the body contains nearly 1 kg calcium by weight that is contained in the hard tissues of the body in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. The human skeleton serves as a reservoir of calcium from which calcium can be removed to increase the plasma calcium level or it can be deposited in the body that helps in the remodeling of bones. The calcium is in dynamic equilibrium in the body depending on the calcium needs of the body.
Advances in stem cell therapy for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Leire Iturriaga, Raquel Hernáez-Moya, Itsasne Erezuma, Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz, Gorka Orive
A wide variety of animal models have been explored for cartilage regeneration ranging from small animals, such as mice, rats, and rabbits, to larger animals such as canine, porcine, caprine, ovine, and equine models [11]. Among the species of animals used to assess the reparative effect of MSCs on cartilage injury, most of the studies have been done in rabbits (51%), pigs (14%), rats (12%), and sheep (7%) [34]. Each animal model presents specific advantages and limitations, the smaller animal models have the advantage that they are cost-effective, easy to handle, and offer a variety of genetically modified or immunocompromised strains. However, their small joint size and thin cartilage limits their value for testing in cell-based treatments, as the ideal animal model should mimic the human articular-cartilage morphology as accurately as possible [11,91]. Therefore, they are often used for a proof-of-concept [91,92] before going to more extensive large-animal investigations [55]. In this context, though larger animal models more accurately recapitulate the properties of the human skeleton, they are also associated with greater logistical, financial, and ethical considerations [11]. Among large animals, sheep are commonly used as models because of the similarity of their knee joint to that of humans, although articular cartilage thickness in pigs and especially in horses is even more similar to human cartilage, consequently better reflecting human articular-cartilage defects [91].
Prediction of fracture initiation and propagation in pelvic bones
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Mohammad Salem, Lindsey Westover, Samer Adeeb, Kajsa Duke
The pelvic ring has a very important role in the human skeleton system as it links the upper body to the lower extremities (Shi et al. 2014). The pelvic bone is one of the most stressed areas in the human anatomy due to its location for transferring the upper body weight to the lower limbs and for protecting the inner organs of that area (Shi et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2017). Due to its important role, this bone has been the center of attention of surgeons and scientists since the early 20th century (Shi et al. 2014). Because of the complex morphology of the pelvic bone and its inaccessible location, surgeons and researchers have opted to use FE modeling for investigating rather than experiments.
The assessment of bearing and non-bearing cortical bones: tensile tests and three dimensional study of vascular architecture
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
X. Roothaer, R. Delille, H. Morvan, E. Markiewicz, C. Fontaine
In the human skeleton, two types of tissue can be found: soft and hard tissue. While the first one encompasses parts such as skin, tendons or internal organs, the second one concerns tissues which are mineralised, in other words, bones of the skeleton. Its mechanical behaviour is investigated for several decades but still remains a challenge nowadays. However, the complexity of the multi-scale architecture makes the cortical bone tough to be easily understood. Numerous studies aims at comparing and correlating the architecture with the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the bone (Bala et al. 2016; Mirzaali et al. 2016). A dynamic process, called bone remodelling, occurs and is activated by the osteocytes which detect mechanical stimuli. Then, new bone matrix and architecture are created by a creationresorption process named Bone Multicellular Unit (BMU). Obviously, the activity of the tissue is gender, age, lifestyle and disease dependant. All of these factors make correlating macroscopic mechanical behaviour with microscopic architecture and external elements a major issue to solve. Yet, the majority of architectural studies is limited to a 2D description that is insufficient to understand all phenomena which occur during a mechanical loading. The aim of this paper is to combine a 3D architectural study with macroscopic tensile test of the cortical bone located in two different types of bone: a weight-bearing (Femur) and a non-weight-bearing (Humerus) bone. The novelty of this paper is the use of an innovative method to quantify volumetric features of vascular canals and connectivity within the bone that was reported in a recent study (Roothaer et al. 2018), with mechanical testing performed at the same time.