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Measuring and assessing growth
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Boys start their growth spurt on average 2 years later than girls and will be the shorter of the 2 sexes for a period of time. Growth may not cease completely at the end of adolescence and a height increase of up to 2 cm can still occur between the ages of 17 and 28 years. Boys will eventually be on average 14.5 cm taller than girls.
Postnatal Sequelae of Fetal Growth Retardation
Published in Asim Kurjak, John M. Beazley, Fetal Growth Retardation: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020
The potential for catch-up growth depends on the timing, duration, and severity of growth failure. Catch-up growth does not occur when undernutrition is induced during the brain growth spurt. If it occurs during the subsequent body growth spurt, rapid catch-up growth is possible.23 Winick24 has shown in animal studies, and in pathological studies of infants dying in the first 6 months of life, that the critical phase of brain growth takes place before birth, and that all growth involving DNA synthesis and cell division is completed within the first few months of life. He showed that interference with growth during the phase of active cell division usually resulted in permanent stunting, but that similar interference during the later phase of individual cell enlargement resulted in a reversible growth impairment.25
Special Problems of Substance Abuse in Adolescence
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
All children in the teen years experience a growth spurt, with increase in height, weight, and appetite. At such times of rapid growth the energy level may be a little sluggish, and between rapid growth phases it is endless. In most children the attention span is relatively short and a variety of sensory stimuli are needed, often to the annoyance of older persons. Sexual function becomes fully mature and sexuality is developing. All of these things happen during the teen years and may occur simultaneously or out of phase. Heavy alcohol or drug abuse may retard growth and appearance of sexual function; after withdrawal these may again accelerate. These many factors require that recognition and rehabilitation from substance abuse must provide for food and exercise in substantially increased amounts from standard programs and should recognize barely suppressed sexuality.
Association of handgrip strength with anthropometry of a Brazilian healthy adolescent sample
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Marcia Ramos, Liszt Palmeira, Tainá Oliveira, Rogério Melo, Camila Lopes, Igor Carvalho, Daniel Chagas, Luiz Alberto Batista
According to Malina et al. [6], the natural improvement in the ability to produce strength through muscle action accompanies child growth and development, and evidence indicates that there is an important variability in the level of this ability in adolescents of the same age group [7]. This variability is explained by changes in the behavior of different variables, especially those related to the hormonal, neurological and muscular states of individuals [8]. It is also known that the period of childhood and adolescence is marked by accelerated body growth, with an important rate of change in body dimensions [8], an event known as growth spurt [9]. Apparently, body growth tends to directly impact the ability to generate muscle strength [8], the performance of motor tasks and, consequently, the way children and adolescents relate to the physical environment in which they live [10]. It follows from this that decisions made in the projection of goods and services for this audience should take into account pre-knowledge about the current conditions involved in the generation and application of muscle strength, so that products intended for them are suitable for the typical handling model, with ensured functionality, the preservation of users’ health [11] and the quality and competitiveness of these products in the consumer market [12]. In this study, we focus our attention on the ability to generate handgrip strength (HGS).
Sex differences in bone mineral content and bone geometry accrual: a review of the Paediatric Bone Mineral Accural Study (1991–2017)
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Stefan A. Jackowski
Girls attained somatic maturity (attainment of peak height velocity (PHV)) 1.6 years earlier than boys. After the attainment of PHV boys were taller, heavier and had significantly more lean mass and significantly less fat mass. In Figures 2 and 3 we can see that greater accumulation in BMC in boys occurs after PHV has been reached. This is important when considering BMC accrual as it emphasises the age and size effect on bone accrual for sex comparisons. For example, after 12 years of age girls have gone through their adolescent growth spurt but boys are only just starting theirs. When making bone parameter sex comparisons it is important to remember that boys have two more years of pre-PHV growth (i.e., if growing at 5 cm/year this reflects 10 cm more growth than girls). At PHV boys’ greater magnitude (9 versus 11 cm/year) of statural growth represents an additional 2 cm in growth. For boys, the post-PHV growth period also lasts longer, and this represents a further 1 cm. If you total the increased pre-PHV growth, the increased magnitude at PHV and the longer growth after PHV, this gives a value of 13 cm; 13 cm is the average height difference between boys and girls. Since there is a strong relationship between statural growth and bone area and hence BMC, this in part explains some of the differences observed between boys and girls BMC accrual (Figure 3).
Estimating peak height velocity in individuals: a comparison of statistical methods
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Melanie E. Boeyer, Kevin M. Middleton, Dana L. Duren, Emily V. Leary
The adolescent growth spurt is characterised by one of the most rapid periods of post-natal growth, which is followed closely by epiphyseal fusion and the attainment of final adult height (Bogin 1988; Bogin et al. 2018; Eveleth and Tanner 1990). Over the last several decades, significant progress has been made in the development of statistical methodologies for assessing individual and population average growth in height leading up to and throughout adolescence (Cole 2012; Cole et al. 2010; Preece and Baines 1978). These methods have allowed human biologists and paediatric practitioners to estimate the chronological age at which peak height velocity (aPHV) is attained as well as the rate of growth occurring during peak height velocity (PHV) (e.g. Sanders et al. 2017). Estimates of adolescent ontogenetic parameters are of critical importance, particularly for paediatric practitioners treating children with skeletal growth and/or developmental disorders, including constitutional growth delay (Poyrazoğlu et al. 2005), adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (Busscher et al. 2012; Chazono et al. 2015; Little et al. 2000), or leg length inequality (Green and Anderson 1960; Moseley 1977, 1987). However, the most commonly employed methodologies for predicting aPHV and/or PHV result in large differences in estimates, even when using identical data (Preece and Baines 1978; Simpkin et al. 2017).