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Gingivitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Gingivitis is the most common form of mild periodontal disease. It causes inflammation, redness, and swelling of the gingiva, or part of the gum, around the base of the teeth. Bleeding gums are a sign of gingivitis, or inflammation of the gums. It is a common and mild form of gum disease caused by a buildup of plaque at the gum-line. The goal of treatment is to reverse the damage from gingivitis and to prevent progression to periodontitis because gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
Gingiva and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Avita Rath, Preena Sidhu, Priyadarshini Hesarghatta Ramamurthy, Bennete Aloysius Fernandesv, Swapnil Shankargouda, Sultan Orner Sheriff
In an adult, healthy gingiva covers the alveolar bone and tooth root to a level just coronal to the cementoenamel junction. The gingiva is divided anatomically into marginal, attached and interdental areas. Although each type of gingiva exhibits considerable variation in differentiation, histology and thickness according to its functional demands, all types are specifically structured to function appropriately against mechanical and microbial damage (Carranza 2014).
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The oral epithelium serves three main, essential functions, which are: a) to form a physical barrier that provides protection from invading pathogens and physiological stress; b) to provide sensation, particularly taste sensation; and c) to secrete salivary fluid to aid in digestion. The oral epithelium undergoes continuous cell shedding and is maintained by cell division, which results in renewal of the epithelial layerevery 14–21 days. Underneath the stratified layer is an underlying lamina propria, which consists mainly of collagen fibers, some elastic fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM), and fibroblasts. The gingiva in particular is the combined epithelial and connective tissue forming a masticatory mucosa attached to the teeth and alveolar bone (Box 1; Figure 1). Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands secrete fluids that keep the oral cavity moist1–3 and help form an additional barrier that can aid in preventing pathogens from affecting the epithelium (Box 1; Figure 1).
The efficacy of photobiomodulation in the management of gingivitis during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review of clinical studies
Published in Orthodontic Waves, 2021
Sandeep Talluri, Suma M Palaparthi, Basir Barmak, Junad Khan
Information was produced by presenting data according to (a) study design, (b) significance of study characteristics relating to the management of gingival inflammation, (c) significance of study characteristics relating to photobiomodulation and (d) study outcomes of photobiomodulation related to the management of gingival hyperplasia. The Joanna Briggs tool for assessing Risk of Bias (ROB) was used to evaluate the risk of bias of included studies. For RCTs, a total of 13 questions were used to critically appraise the studies included in the systematic review; 1) true randomization used for assigning participants to treatment groups; 2) concealment of allocation to treatment groups; 3) similarity of treatment groups at baseline; 4) blinding of participants; 5) blinding of the provider; 6) blinding of outcome assessors; 7) identical treatment of the groups other than intervention; 8) description regarding the complete follow-up and attrition; 9) analysing the patients within the groups to which they are randomized; 10) measurement of outcomes for treatment groups; 11) reliability of the ways outcome were measured; 12) usage of appropriate statistics; 13) appropriateness of the trial design and any deviation from standard RCT design. To assess overall risk of bias in the included studies, Joanna Briggs risk of bias tool for RCTs was used and a traffic light plot was used to assess overall risk of bias for the included studies.
Differences in the oral and intestinal microbiotas in pregnant women varying in periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus conditions
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Xin Zhang, Pei Wang, Liangkun Ma, Rongjun Guo, Yongjing Zhang, Peng Wang, Jizhi Zhao, Juntao Liu
Periodontitis is one of the most common infectious diseases in periodontal tissues. In addition to gingival inflammation, it involves inversible deeper supportive tissue destruction and is one of the main reasons for adult tooth loss [1]. A close relationship was reported between periodontal disease and pregnancy health [2]. A higher prevalence and greater severity of periodontal inflammation occur during pregnancy than during prepregnancy [3]. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication in pregnant women. It is defined as diabetes or any degree of glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy in a woman who has no diabetes or glucose intolerance before pregnancy [4]. Both periodontitis and GDM are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and play roles in pregnancy health [2,5]. In addition, correlations have been shown between periodontitis and GDM [6,7]; it was reported that periodontitis might predispose individuals to the development of GDM, and a synergistic effect was found with GDM in the development of preeclampsia [8].