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Cysts and Tumours of the Bony Facial Skeleton
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Julia A. Woolgar, Gillian L. Hall
This tumour81, 84 used to be considered a solid variant of the calcifying odontogenic cyst but is now classified as a locally invasive neoplasm with features resembling ameloblastoma but characterized by keratinization, ghost cells and dentinoid.50 The tumour occurs in any tooth-bearing area of either jaw (but mainly premolar), affecting a wide age range with males more frequently affected than females. Small lesions are generally asymptomatic but larger lesions cause bony expansion or perforation, and tooth displacement and mobility. Radiographically, the lesion is generally well demarcated, radiolucent or mixed radiolucent/radiopaque. Histologically, an infiltrative margin is seen and the presence of ghost cells and dentinoid are critical in distinguishing the lesion from an ameloblastoma. Distinction from a CCOT can be difficult. The presence of mitoses is suspicious of transformation to odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma. The infiltrative nature of DGCT dictates wide local excision as the treatment of choice.
Cysts of the jaws, face and neck
Published in John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan, Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
The calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), or Gorlin cyst, is an uncommon lesion that demonstrates considerable histopathologic diversity and variable clinical behaviour. Although designated as a cyst, some investigators provide evidence for subclassification as a neoplasm as well.24, 25 In addition, the COC may be associated with other recognized odontogenic tumours, most commonly the odontoma. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumours and ameloblastomas have also been associated with the COC. Ghost cell keratinization, the characteristic microscopic feature of this cyst, is also a defining feature of the cutaneous lesion known as the calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe or pilomatrixoma. The World Health Organizational 2005 classification of odontogenic tumours groups the COC with all its variants as an odontogenic tumour rather than an odontogenic cyst.8 Specifically, this lesion is referred to as a calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour. The review by Hong and colleagues designated 79 of 92 cases of COC as cysts with the remaining 13 cases being neoplastic in nature.24
Odontogenic Tumors
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma shows many malignant epithelial islands (containing aberrantly keratinized ghost cells with eosinophilic cytoplasmic cell borders and faint nucleus) in a background of fibrous stroma (similar to calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor and/or dentinogenic ghost cell tumor). Readily identifiable mitoses, necrosis, and osseous destruction with permeation into adjacent tissue are observed. The tumor stains positive for p53 protein as well as PCNA.
Core-shell nanotherapeutics with leukocyte membrane camouflage for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of typical three steps in the fabrication procedure. (i) Membrane extraction. This step includes cell lysis and membrane purification. In order to maintain the functionalities of the membrane-associated proteins, the whole extraction process must be gentle and under low temperature. Firstly, the enriched leukocytes are lysed via hypotonic solution treatment or several cycles of freezing and thawing. Homogenisation or grinding are often employed to improve lysis efficacy. Secondly, the lysed cells are purified either by centrifugation at differential speed, or by centrifugation with a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. This step provides the isolated whole plasma membrane patch (also known as ghost cell). (ii) Preparation of cellular vesicles. In this step, the isolated cellular membranes are disrupted into nanoscale vesicles via mechanical treatment, including sonication and extrusion. It is worth noting that cellular vesicles preparation is not a necessarily separate step. In many cases, the as-prepared leukocyte ghost was directly mixed with nanoparticles for the subsequent treatment. (iii) Cellular membrane coating. The fusion of cellular vesicles and prepared nanoparticles is mainly driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The mixture of nanoparticle core and membrane shell can be incubated under rotation, or extruded through porous membranes to accelerate the coating process.
Fe3O4 Nanopowders: Genomic and Apoptotic Evaluations on A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Ayse Kaplan, Hatice Mehtap Kutlu, Gulsen Akalin Ciftci
The apoptotic structures are generally known as decreased cellular volume, membrane integrity, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation (22). In addition, the final stages of apoptosis are known as membrane blebbing, phosphatidylserine (PS) to go to the cell surface, ultrastructural changes of cytoplasmic organelles and loss of membrane integrity (9). The confocal microscopy was used to visualize apoptotic bodies. The cells with administered cisplatin and iron oxide nanopowders were monitored by using a confocal microscope. The confocal microscopy revealed the presence of fragmented nuclei and ghost cell in cisplatin-treated (3 µM) A549 cells compared to control cells for 72 h. Furthermore, the iron oxide nanopowders (5 µM) caused membrane blebbing and fragmented nuclei on A549 cells compared to control cells for 72 h. This results show that apoptotic structures were occurred (Fig. 4).
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of folate receptor-targeted a novel magnetic drug delivery system for ovarian cancer therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Güliz Ak, Habibe Yilmaz, Aybike Güneş, Senay Hamarat Sanlier
Folate ligand was attached to ghost cells based on method mentioned by Fang et al. (2013) [16] and DGNP-loaded erythrocyte membrane vesicles was developed using described by Gupta et al. (2014) [17]. First of all, for ghost cell preparation, method mentioned by Hu et al. [9] was used. Whole blood was collected in EDTA-containing tube and centrifuged. Plasma and buffy coat were separated from erythrocytes and cells were washed with 1× physiological buffered solution (PBS). Erythrocytes were incubated in ice-cold buffer with addition of 0.1× PBS for hemolysis. Resulting ghost cells were obtained and washed with PBS. Then, 75 μg/mL 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (folate-PEG-DSPE, 2000 Da, Nanocs Inc., New York, USA) solution was incubated with 1 ml of ghost cell at 4 °C. End of incubation period, ghost cells were centrifuged and kept in sonic bath. Ghost cells were passed through mini-extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., USA) using 400 and 100 nm pore-sized membranes, respectively. Obtained vesicles were dispersed in 0.1× PBS and 500 μL of erythrocyte vesicles were incubated with 2.5 ml of DGNP at concentration of 0.2 mg/mL (in 1% sucrose solution) for 1 h and at 37 °C. Then, 25% sucrose solution was added to achieve isotonic medium and incubated. DGNP-loaded and folate-attached erythrocyte vesicles (FVDGNP) were purified with centrifugation and encapsulation yield was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Agilent 7500series, Santa Clara, USA) through Fe analysis. Folate non-attached nanoparticle-loaded vesicles (VDGNP) were also prepared as control group for analyses. FVDGNP was illustrated in Figure 1. Morphology of FVDGNP was examined (after staining with 1% uranyl acetate solution) with TEM (Carl Zeiss Libra 120 kV, Oberkohen, Germany) and hydrodynamic size was studied with both zeta sizer (Malvern Zeta Sizer NanoSZ, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) system (Malvern Nanosight, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK).