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Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Images are acquired in the transverse, coronal and sagittal planes. Transverse images are planned in a plane along the inferior aspect of the splenium of the corpus callosum anteriorly and the genu of the corpus callosum posteriorly. The corpus callosum is easily identified on a midplane sagittal localiser. The plane is adjusted on the coronal and transverse localiser so that the transverse images are perpendicular to the median sagittal plane. Coronal and sagittal imaging may then be planned perpendicular to transverse imaging plane or coronal oblique slices may be planned parallel to the clivus, e.g. in temporal lobe imaging.
What is the evidence for psychobiological harm from the use of ‘ecstasy’ (MDMA)?
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Carl Alexander Roberts, Catharine Montgomery
Conversely to de Win et al. (2008a), Liu et al. (2011) observed significant increases in FA in the bilateral thalami in ecstasy users relative to drug-naïve controls. In this whole-brain DTI study, MDMA users showed clusters with significantly increased FA in posterior parts of bilateral thalami and the retrolenticular parts of internal capsules. Decreased FA was observed in MDMA users in the genu of the corpus callosum, which is consistent with findings from Moeller et al. (2007). Furthermore, MDMA users showed significant decreases in ADCs in the bilateral thalami, posterior internal capsule and corona radiata along the bilateral corticospinal tracts, as well as significantly increased ADC in the bilateral anterior internal capsule, the bilateral superior longitudinal fasiculus and the splenium and genu of the corpus callosum. Decreased ADCs in bilateral thalami and increased FA is consistent with de Win et al.’s (2007) initial findings suggesting that integrity of axons in the basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuit may be compromised by MDMA use. Neurotoxic effects of ecstasy on the thalamus were explored further using DTI by de Win et al. (2008b), who report extent of MDMA use to be significantly correlated with decreased FA in the thalamus, although no significant effect of MDMA on ADC in the basal ganglia was observed.
The viva: operative surgery and surgical anatomy
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad, Neurosurgery, 2014
Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad
The frontal horn is a portion of the lateral ventricle that passes forward and laterally, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus. Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the corpus callosum, the rostrum. It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the septum pellucidum, and laterally by the head of the caudate nucleus. Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum. It is located deep to the inferior frontal gyrus.
Postoperative Focal Lower Extremity Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2021
Nicholas B. Dadario, Joanna K. Tabor, Justin Silverstein, Xiaonan R. Sun, Randy S. DAmico
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is found bilaterally within the posterior frontal lobe in the medial frontal gyrus. The SMA is bordered posteriorly by primary motor cortex and inferiorly by the cingulate sulcus and cingulate, and the genu of the corpus callosum. Cortical models suggest that the SMA demonstrates extensive connections within and outside of the motor network and participates in a variety of functions Briggs et al. (2021). Primarily, the SMA is involved in the initiation and coordination of internal and externally cued movements – especially speech and bilateral motor control (Sheets et al. 2021; Vergani et al. 2014). Recent data suggest that the SMA is part of a prefrontal cognitive initiation “axis” in the medial frontal lobe where it coordinates with the default mode network and salience network to execute goal-directed behavior (Poologaindran et al. 2020).
Brain microvascular pathology in Susac syndrome: an electron microscopic study of five cases
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2019
Dimitri P. Agamanolis, Richard A. Prayson, Negar Asdaghi, Sakir H. Gultekin, Kim Bigley, Robert M. Rennebohm
Samples of white matter from three brain biopsies (Patients 3, 4, and 5) and two autopsies of SuS (Patients 1 and 2) were examined. The biopsy and autopsy samples were from the corpus callosum in all five patients, and also from the cerebral cortex in one patient (Patient 1). Patient 1 is the same patient whose brain biopsy report15 and complete autopsy report (with brief mention of EM findings)5 were recently published. In Patients 3, 4, and 5, a stereotactic needle biopsy of the genu of the corpus callosum was performed, through a right frontal approach. The biopsies were fixed in glutaraldehyde a few minutes after they were obtained. The autopsies were performed 24 h after death. The brain was initially fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 2 weeks, following which, samples of corpus callosum, white matter, and cortex (Patient 1) were placed in glutaraldehyde. Biopsy and autopsy samples were subsequently post-fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in PolyBed 812 (Polysciences, Inc). Thick epoxy sections were stained with toluidine blue. Thin sections were stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate and examined with a JEOL JEM1011 electron microscope. Images were digitally captured with an XR50 AMT camera using AMT software.
Hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is related to glutamatergic dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Jochen Bauer, Anne Werner, Waldemar Kohl, Harald Kugel, Anna Shushakova, Anya Pedersen, Patricia Ohrmann
1H-MRS data were acquired using a 3T-scanner (Gyroscan Intera 3T, Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) with a transmit/receive head coil. T1-weighted 3D high-resolution anatomical images of the whole brain were acquired using a 3D fast-gradient echo sequence (Turbo Field Echo, TFE): TR =7.5 ms, TE 3.4 ms, FA =9°, two signal averages, and an inversion prepulse every 814.5 ms. These images were reconstructed into cubic voxels with a 0.5-mm edge length. From this dataset, slices in three orthogonal planes were displayed using multiplanar reconstruction for localisation of the spectroscopic volumes of interest (VOIs; 15 × 15 × 15 mm). The location of the VOI in the ACC was chosen to cover the rostral ACC bilaterally (BA 24, Figure 1(A)). Axially, the voxel was positioned directly at the most anterior part of the genu of the corpus callosum. In the sagittal slices, the inferior border of the VOI was placed parallel to the line connecting the anterior and posterior commissures. The VOI in the left DLPFC was chosen to cover BA 9, 10 and 46 (Figure 1(B)) according to coordinates described by Rajkowska and Goldman-Rakic (1995).