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Specialized Circulations in Susceptible Tissues
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
One is not aware of such separation when one views a human skull, for there are multiple foramena—points of entry/exit from the skull to the rest of the body. Virtually all of these are foramena for nerves, running to different parts of the body from the brain and spinal cord. Foramena for the nerves are plugged by connective tissue. There is only one discrete foramen on each side of the skull for entry and one for exit of blood to/from the brain; these are the carotid canals, the foramen magnum and jugular foramena. The foramen magnum is a midline structure, which transmits the two vertebral arteries as well as the spinal cord into the spinal canal from the cranium.
Low Back Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The spinal canal is the cavity that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column, and many columns form the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. The canal is enclosed within the intervertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal50 resulting in symptoms.
Mediastinal masses
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Brent R. Weil, Robert C. Shamberger
The most difficult part of this dissection occurs at the sulcus, where the tumor may extend into the neural foramina (Figure 19.12). An artery and vein accompany the nerve from each foramen. The use of bipolar cautery or ultrasonic shears in this area avoids the risk of conduction of the current to the spinal cord. The aorta and esophagus, when involved, can generally be dissected from the anterior aspect of the tumor easily as direct involvement of the tumor is rare. As the aorta or azygos vein are dissected forward, each of the intercostal arteries should be controlled and ligated or clipped or cauterized for thoracoscopic resections. The tumor rarely extends through the periosteum of the vertebral bodies. A combination of blunt and cautery dissection is utilized to mobilize the tumor off each of the vertebral bodies.
Spinal intradural arachnoid cyst as a complication of insertion of an interspinous device
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Han Gyu Lee, Moo Sung Kang, Young Chul Na, Byung Ho Jin
ISDs limit spine extension and avoid narrowing of the neural foramen in patients with spinal stenosis.21 The devices have been widely used since they can circumvent the need for laminectomy; however, recent studies have questioned their efficacy and safety. The overall hardware-related complication rate is in the range of 3.3–38%.22–26 The most common complication is symptomatic spinous process fracture, primarily attributed to over-distraction on an osteoporotic spine, which occurs with a frequency of 2.4-rela21,27,28 Prosthesis loosening or dislocation has also been reported with a high frequency.6 In addition to anterior displacement or spinous process fracture, device failure remains a challenging matter, with an incidence of 2.8, which6,29 Tamburrelli et al. analyzed a series of 19 patients with residual pain by 2 years after ISD insertion and reported two cases of device breakage.29 In this case, the ISD was initially inserted at the site of laminectomy which is unusual as they are normally used as an alternative to laminectomy. This likely resulted in contact between the implant and duar and we suggest ISDs not be used in this way.
Associations between lower back pain and job types in South Korean male firefighters
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
MRI has opened up new possibilities for refined diagnostic classification of mechanical LBP in epidemiological research. Various abnormalities can be identified on spinal MRI, including disc herniation and nerve root impingement [28]. Endean et al. [28] reported that disc protrusion is the MRI abnormality most strongly associated with LBP, followed by disc degeneration, high-intensity zone/annular tear and nerve root displacement or compression (canal stenosis). However, even disc protrusion did not help to predict the occurrence of back pain [28]. While the prevalence of LBP in firefighters was associated with more than disc protrusion, it was associated with central canal stenosis in controls. Lumbar disc herniation, where the most common site is toward the bottom of the spine at L4–L5 or L5–S1, makes up the vast majority of spinal disc herniation cases (95%) [29]. Foraminal stenosis more frequently involves the L5 nerve root, as the L5–S1 foramen has a smaller foramen/root area ratio [29]. Considering the low LBP prediction rate of MRI findings, it is difficult to explain the difference in MRI findings significant for LBP in the firefighters and controls. However, we suggest that the MRI findings may be meaningful to compensate for the effect of spine abnormalities.
Change in gene expression levels of GABA, glutamate and neurosteroid pathways due to acoustic trauma in the cochlea
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Meltem Cerrah Gunes, Murat Salih Gunes, Alperen Vural, Fatma Aybuga, Arslan Bayram, Keziban Korkmaz Bayram, Mehmet Ilhan Sahin, Muhammet Ensar Dogan, Sevda Yesim Ozdemir, Yusuf Ozkul
Control mice were sacrificed after the initial DPOAE measurements without being exposed to noise. Post-AT(1) mice and Post-AT(15) mice were sacrificed on day 1 and day 15 after the noise exposure, respectively. Under identical deep general anaesthesia, the mouse was decapitated with scissors. The skin of the head was dissected from posterior to anterior as far as the orbits. The dorsal skull was split from the foramen magnum to the orbits and cut laterally, posterior to the orbits, on both sides. The bony flaps were bent outward and the brain was removed afterwards. The bony labyrinths were recognized anterior to the foramen magnum in the base of the skull. The fibrous connections between the temporal bones and the rest of the skull were dissected and the temporal bones were separated from the skull on both sides. Next, the bulla was opened, and the cochlea was located under the microscope. Then, the malleus, incus and stapes were removed. While fixing the temporal bone with forceps, the bony wall of the cochlea was cracked with other forceps by holding between the oval and round windows and taken off piece by piece carefully. After peeling the bone all around the cochlea, membranous structures were removed completely and put in the Eppendorf Tube with 1 ml Trizol solution and mixed at room temperature until dissolving the content. Then they stored at −80 °C.