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Primary tumours of the liver and biliary tract
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Hero K Hussain, Mohammad Abu Shattal
Enhancing ‘capsule’ is defined as a persistent peripheral hyperenhancing rim seen in the venous and/or delayed phases of enhancement seen on CT or MRI (15,16) (Figure 11.4c). The enhancing capsule may represent a true fibrous capsule or a ‘pseudocapsule’ composed of fibrous tissue and prominent sinusoids. Capsular enhancement has high specificity for HCC, reportedly ranging from 83%–96%. Sensitivity is only moderate, ranging from 43%–55% (34,44,52).
The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Although the hilum appears to be a deep indentation in the smooth, fibrous capsule covering the kidney, a cross-sectional examination reveals that it actually reaches deep into the center and forms a cavity called the renal sinus. The renal sinus is filled with fat and provides the bed for the renal vessels and nerves as well as the ureter. Within the renal sinus, the ureter expands into a funnel-shaped structure, the renal pelvis, from which reach tubular projections called the majorcalyces (singular: calyx, named for the Greek word kalyx, the cup of a flower, like which it is shaped). The major calyces reach toward the glandular part of the kidney, and each divides into several minor calyces. Together, the calyces and renal pelvis form the drainage system for urine in its path from the glandular part of the kidney, where it is formed, to the ureter.
The Dental Cyst
Published in Wilson Harvey, Alan Bennett, Prostaglandins in Bone Resorption, 2020
This is the most common type of cyst and it arises from epithelial cells (the cell rests of Malassez) around the apex of nonvital teeth. The epithelial lining of the cyst is variable, it may be absent in some areas or keratinized. The fibrous capsule beneath the epithelium consists of a vascularized stroma of collagen bundles and fibroblasts, usually infiltrated by inflammatory cells. This is illustrated in Figure 1, where foci of mononuclear inflammatory cells are evident. At a higher magnification (Figure 2) the proximity of the inflammatory infiltrate to the fibroblasts is clearly visible. Sometimes the foci of inflammation, predominantly plasma cells as shown in Figure 3, are reminiscent of lymphoid follicles in rheumatoid synovia.
Histopathological evaluation of the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on capsule occurrence around silicone breast prosthesis: an experimental study
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Serhat Yarar, Abdullah Arslan, Bilsev Ince, Mehmet Emin Cem Yildirim, Pembe Oltulu, Ilker Uyar, Mehmet Dadaci
Silicone breast prostheses are being used more commonly in breast reconstruction after breast augmentation or mastectomy. In general, capsular contracture is the underlying cause of complications such as pain, stiffening, breast asymmetry, and animation deformity that are seen in the late postoperative period because of the use of silicone breast prostheses [1]. It is a known fact that after foreign bodies are inserted into the body, capsule reaction occurs around them over time. There are many mechanisms and theories in the literature which were revealed about the process of capsule reaction. The most common theory of capsular reaction is a foreign body reaction which is a natural tissue response. Macrophages, T cells, and a variety of cytokines accumulate around a foreign body (implant) as an immune response. Then, the number of proinflammatory cells decreases, and the number of fibroblasts increases around the implant. Thus, a fibrous capsule occurs [2].
Early histological and ultrastructural changes in expanded murine scalp
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Zhou Yu, Shiqiang Liu, Jiangbo Cui, Yajuan Song, Tong Wang, Baoqiang Song, Pai Peng, Xianjie Ma
Compared with that in the control group, the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissues and muscles in groups I and II was reduced (Figure 2b,d,f,j and k). Histological staining revealed the disappearance of large amounts of adipose tissue and muscle. The remaining adipose tissue and muscle did not display any significant histopathological changes (Figure 2b,d). Besides, a fibrous capsule composed of collagens and fibroblasts was detected in both the expanded groups. The cytoplasm of the fibroblasts and collagens was oriented parallel to the tissue expander (Figure 2b,d). Occasionally, a few inflammatory cells and extravasated red blood cells were observed in the fibrous capsules. No signs of necrosis were detected in the expanded scalps. Interestingly, similar histological changes were observed in both expanded groups. No statistically significant differences in the thickness of distinct scalp layers were detected between groups I and II (Figure 2g–l).
Giant Hepatic Hemangioma and Placental Chorangiosis: A Unique Case of Stillbirth?
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
Michele Paudice, Leonardo Alett Peñuela, Flaminia Torielli, Bruno Spina, Valentino Remorgida, Francesca Buffelli, Ezio Fulcheri, Cesare Arioni, Valerio Gaetano Vellone
A focal 6 cm in maximun diameter sub-glissonian hemorrhage was found within the right hepatic lobe (Fig. 1). This area was solitary and well-circumscribed by a fibrous capsule. Microscopically, it showed variable-sized vascular channels, covered by bland-looking endothelium (CD31+ and by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fig. 2c). The vascular wall was composed of a thin layer of smooth muscle fibers, as demonstrated by the immunoreactivity of smooth muscle actin by IHC. Trabeculae of hepatocytes (Hep Par 1 positive) were entrapped within the vascular channels (Fig. 2). The flat lining endothelium showed diffuse and strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for WT1 (Fig. 3) and was negative for GLUT1 (erythrocytes were used as internal positive control) (Fig. 4). The negative expression of D2-40, Prox-1 and LYVE-1 excluded lymphatic differentiation.