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Fasting
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Intermittent fasting (IF) decreased fat mass while maintaining the body's lean mass, contrasting with regular calorie restriction, which results in decreased lean and fat body mass (Colman et al., 2009; Ding et al., 2016). Modifications in a diet are a crucial factor in the treatment of diabetes. In one of the longitudinal (20 years) studies of rhesus monkeys, calorie restriction decreased age-associated disorders including diabetes, in which five out of 38 animals from the control group experienced diabetes while another other 11 became prediabetic, whereas the animal undergoing calorie restriction demonstrated no abnormality in the homeostasis of glucose (Hamman et al., 2006). Intermittent fasting may cause identical results in both prediabetic and diabetic persons, as only a 1 kilogram decrease in body weight is related to almost 16% inhibition in risk of diabetes (Clément et al., 2004). Several studies endorse the efficiency of intermittent fasting in minimising risks and complications of diabetes, i.e. IF decreases fat of viscera, a significant site for giving rise to tumour necrosis factor-α in patients of diabetes (Eshghinia & Mohammadzadeh, 2013). Inhibition of visceral fat following around 42 to 168 days of intermittent fasting has been documented in numerous research studies (Golbidi et al., 2017).
Evidence for a Thymus-Pineal Axis
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
JH is bound to a binding protein, JHBP, during transport. JHBP is produced in the insect’s fat body.215 Allatectomy results in hypertrophy of the fat body.216 Cell receptors for the JH-JHBP complex are in the cytosol.217 After combination with the receptor, the JH-receptor complex enters the nucleus. Receptors show specificity and high affinity. The mechanism of JH-chromatin interaction has yet to be completely elucidated. There may be different gene sets, larval, pupal, and adult, which are turned on by interaction with JH and/or ecdysone.200,218
Normal Growth of Human Adipose Tissue
Published in Fernand P. Bonnet, Adipose Tissue in Childhood, 2019
Fernand P. Bonnet, D. Rocour-Brumioul
The influence of environmental factors, especially the nutritional factors, on the development and the magnitude of the fat mass has been known for a long time in man and in animal. The consequences of undernutrition and overnutrition on adipose tissue growth will be discussed in detail later (see Chapters 9 and 10). The data reported in this chapter clearly indicate that cell size is affected by environmental factors even within the rather limited range of individual variations in normal body fatness; this is shown by the positive relationship between fat cell mean weight and total fat body mass. In additon, at least in some areas and during some stages of the growth period, undernutrition also seems to delay the emergence of mature adipocytes. However, this does not mean that the definitive total number of adipose cells will change, (see Chapter 10).
A novel and effective technique to reduce electromagnetic radiation absorption on biotic components at 2.45 GHz
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Meenu L, Aiswarya S, Sreedevi K. Menon
Human beings also absorb EMR as the human body is filled with 70% fluid, due to which more than 8% of the population are suffering from electromagnetic hypersensitivity symptoms (Who.int. 2021), (Kumar, N. and Kumar, G. 2009). Variations in these symptoms can be observed based on composition of fat, body characteristics, skin characteristics, age factors, blood flow and health conditions. Continuous exposure of these radiation may lead to heating effects based on the dielectric properties of skin, fat and muscles (Kanezaki et al. 2009). Major related health effects such as cytotoxic, genotoxic effects, effects on nervous system, cardiovascular system, reproductive systems, auditory and ocular systems (Singh and Kapoor 2014.). These health effects are based on the SAR specification of EM sources.
Bone mineral density and fractures in postmenopausal women of Maya-Mestizo ethnic origin with different body mass indexes
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Thelma Canto-Cetina, David Rojano-Mejía, Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez, José Antonio Cetina-Manzanilla, Lucila Polanco-Reyes, Patricia Canto
This study also has several limitations: first, when using a cross-sectional design, it is difficult to determine the cause and effect of BMI on BMD or the presence of fractures. Furthermore, this design did not allow us to determine the predictive factors. We were unable to assess work either inside or outside the home, representing an important physical activity. Second, although BMI is widely used as an index of the presence and magnitude of obesity, bodyweight is a heterogeneous phenotype consisting of fat, lean muscle, and bone mass, so it cannot be used to distinguish between fat, body, and lean mass (Zhao et al. 2007). Third, some vertebral fractures may not have been detected by X-ray. Also, we could not analyse the effect of overlying soft tissues on the accuracy of BMD measurements by DXA. Despite this limitation, the strength of this study is that our model clearly shows a significant increase in BMD according to BMI; also, we show that obesity is associated with the presence of a history of fractures.
The myostatin rs1805086 variant is associated with obesity in Mexican adults, independently of metabolic risk factors
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Vianney Curiel-Cervantes, Juan C. Solís-Sáinz, Paula Costa-Urrutia, Adriana Aguilar-Galarza, Karla L. Flores-Viveros, Teresa de Jesús García-Gasca, Miriam A. Anaya-Loyola
All anthropometric measurements were performed in fasting conditions while subjects were wearing light clothing and no shoes. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a free-standing stadiometer. Weight was taken to the nearest 100 g with digital scales. Waist Circumference (WC) was measured by placing a measuring tape around the waist just above the uppermost lateral border of the iliac crest during normal minimal respiration. Considering the health risk of having high total and abdominal fat mass, we employed four measurements of body fat: Body Mass Index (BMI), waist/height ratio (WHtR), Fat Mass Percentage (FM%) and Fat Mass Index (FMI). Obesity was defined as BMI values above the 85th percentile (≥30.1 kg/m2). WHtR was calculated by dividing waist by height; the cut-off point used to define central obesity was ≥0.5. FM% was determined using the multi-ethnic equation (Woolcott and Bergman 2018). Elevated Fat Mass (EFM) was defined as ≥35% in women aged between 20 and 39 years and ≥36% for those above 40 years old, whereas ≥23% and ≥24% were considered for men on the same age groups (Gallagher et al.2000). FMI was calculated by using the fat mass value in kg divided by the squared height in metres, and the FMI 85th percentile was considered as an adiposity indicator.