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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Watanabe et al. (2017) observed that this muscle extended from the external occipital protuberance to insert onto the mastoid process (43% of cases) or originated from the external occipital protuberance and curved around the mastoid process to join with platysma (58% of cases).
Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
These nerves enter the back of the head along posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and run behind the ear (Figure 1.32). Procedure: an imaginary line is drawn between the external occipital protuberance and mastoid process. The greater occipital nerve lies at the junction of the lateral and middle thirds on that line, and the lesser occipital nerve is between the middle and the medial thirds. A 25G needle is inserted medial to the occipital artery and 2–4 ml of local anaesthetic is infiltrated in a fan-like distribution to cover both nerves.Specific complications: haematoma formation, increased systemic absorption due to high vascularity.
Head and neck
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
External occipital protuberance– attaches trapezius, sternocleidomastoid muscle and ligamentum nuchae– frontal bone + parietal bones + temporal bones + sphenoid bone + occipital bone + ethmoid bone
Evaluation of the within- and between-day intra-tester and inter-tester reliability of positioning subjects into neutral and lordotic sitting postures
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2019
Vasileios Korakakis, Kieran O’Sullivan, Yiannis Sotiralis, Stefanos Karanasios, Vasilis Sideris, Alexandros Sideris, Konstantinos Sakellariou, Giannis Giakas
The participants were suitably disrobed to allow skin marking with pen for placement of the reflective markers over anatomical landmarks. The landmarks were located by one physiotherapist using manual palpation and verified by another. The same procedure was conducted on Day 2 after 1 week. This process of using manual palpation of landmarks and marking with ink, with confirmation by a second investigator is consistent with other studies assessing spinal posture [13, 27, 44]. The attachment of the anterior and posterior body markers was carried out while subjects were standing and the head markers while seated. Markers were applied to the pelvis over the anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, to the posterior superior body over the C7, T5, T10, L3 and S2 spinous processes [39]. Anteriorly markers were applied to the sternal notch and xiphoid process. Finally, markers were adhered to the head over the lateral margins of the orbit and over the external occipital protuberance by using an elastic band and on the main protuberance of the forehead between the eyebrows.
Bilateral greater occipital nerve block for headache after corrective spinal surgery: a case report
Published in Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2018
Edmundo Pereira de Souza Neto, José Luis Martinez, Kathryn Dekoven, Francoise Yung, Sandra Lesage
BGON block was performed while monitoring the patient’s blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and three-lead electrocardiogram. Intravenous access was obtained beforehand. The BGON block was done by an anaesthesiologist experienced in scalp nerve blocks (EP Souza Neto) using the method which is based on the anatomical landmarks.7,8 A detailed description of the technique can be obtained elsewhere.7,8 Briefly, the greater occipital nerve is located approximately two-thirds of the distance on a line drawn from the centre of the mastoid to the external occipital protuberance. The greater occipital nerve is near to the occipital artery and can also be located by palpating the occipital artery. The occipital region was prepped in a sterile manner. The external occipital protuberance was palpated and a needle was inserted between 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm lateral to the external occipital protuberance parallel to the superior nuchal line. Then 5 ml of ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) was injected on each side. No adverse effects during or after the block were recorded. Ten minutes after BGON block the patient was asked to stand upright. Her headache was no longer present. The patient was examined every day after the block until discharge and the headache never returned. The patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day.
Greater occipital and supraorbital nerve blockade for the preventive treatment of migraine: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Duygu Özer, Cem Bölük, Ülkü Türk Börü, Deniz Altun, Mustafa Taşdemir, Cansu Köseoğlu Toksoy
Patients were blinded to the kind of injection. Double blinding was not provided completely in all steps due to technical reasons (lack of separate rooms and separate persons in the study area from time to time). The GON injection site was 2 cm lateral and 2 cm inferior to external occipital protuberance. The SON injection site was frontal insecure on the orbital arch. The injection site was also close to the supratrochlear nerve, which is a neighbour nerve to SON.