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Motor development
Published in Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary, Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 2021
Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary
To walk, infants have to achieve dynamic balance as their bodies become less stable because of the smaller base on their feet and a higher centre of gravity. They also require sufficient muscle power, particularly in their extensor muscles, to balance the pull of the flexors and a change in the leg muscle activation from simultaneous co-activation of antagonistic muscles to reciprocal activation. When infants have sufficient strength to hold part of their body weight on one leg, they begin to move sideways, holding on to furniture, lifting the legs and arms one at a time. Next, they move forwards, with parents holding their hands, their bodies tilted 45° forward or backwards.
Axial Myopathy
Published in Maher Kurdi, Neuromuscular Pathology Made Easy, 2021
Axial myopathy is a rare neuromuscular disease entity affecting paraspinal musculature. It is characterized by progressive weakness of spinal extensor muscles. It could be predominant constituting the major part of myopathy or widespread to involve other skeletal muscles. It can also be a separate condition (myopathy with predominant axial involvement) or a part of other myopathic dystrophy diseases.
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerve and Mononeuropathies
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Charles K. Abrams
Nonneurogenic: Diseases of extensor tendons.Compartment syndrome of the deep extensor muscles of the forearm.
Flexors activity of affected upper extremity in stroke patients during different standing conditions and their relationships with clinical scales: a cross-sectional study
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Sheng Wang, Xin Chen, Ren Zhuang, Zhiwei Yang, Wenjun Jiang, Tong Wang
Myoresearch 3.10 (Noraxon Inc., Scottsdale, USA) was used to filter and correct the synchronously collected EMG signals, then the average integral EMG values of each key muscle group were obtained. Previous studies generally used the integrated electromyogram (iEMG) of a single muscle to indicate the degree of muscle activation [39]. In the current study, it is unreasonable to use only the integral electromyogram of biceps brachii to indicate the degree of contraction synergy of elbow joint, which can only reflect the change of activity of this muscle but cannot reflect the synergistic contraction of flexor-extensor muscle during dynamic activities. One of the possible conditions is that both extensors and flexors become more active as the increased difficulty of task. Hence, in the current study, the rate of average integral EMG of flexor and extensor was used to express the state of synergistic contraction of the flexor and extensor muscles in a certain period [40]. This rate is positively related to the higher activity of flexor and extensor muscles. The contraction rate of elbow and wrist was calculated as follows:
Effect of hand postures and object properties on forearm muscle activities using surface electromyography
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2020
Kyung-Sun Lee, Myung-Chul Jung
The contributions of individual forearm muscles to the muscle activity varied. The EPL and FPL muscles, which are involved with thumb functions, had the largest muscle activities, followed by the extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, which is related to the ED for all four fingers, and the extension of the wrist in the ulnar direction, which is related to the ECU. In addition, the extensor muscle group showed higher muscle activity than the flexor muscle group. Similar to the study by Ayoub and Presti [15], this study found that the extensor muscles were activated to a greater extent than the flexor muscles when participants held an object weighing less than 2000 g. All of the extensor and flexor muscles must be activated to hold an object. In particular, the wrist extensors have to be activated to counteract the wrist flexor torque caused by the finger flexor tendons [40].
Flexibility and strength training in asthma: A pilot study
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2018
Sara Olenich, Graeme Waterworth, Gary J. Badger, Bruce Levy, Elliot Israel, Helene M. Langevin
So far, current physical therapy practice and research have given little attention to manual therapies applied to the chest wall and upper extremities. Resistance Flexibility and Strength Training (RFST) is a nonconventional physical technique specifically aimed at correcting postural misalignment by applying resistive force while eccentrically contracting muscles to stretch dense fascia and scar tissue (26, 27). Thus, the patient performs an eccentric contraction of extensor muscles when the joint is flexed or of flexor muscles when the joint is extended. In this relatively simple technique, the combined externally applied torque exerted by the practitioner and the eccentric contraction performed by the patient act in concert to stretch the connective tissues, both within and surrounding the muscle. In the upper body, this technique uses the arm as a lever to stretch the muscles and connective tissues of the chest wall.