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Anatomy of the Forehead and Periocular Region
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Marcelo B. Antunes, Stephen A. Goldstein
The muscle function of the upper third of the face enables a person to emanate the emotions of surprise, pain, fear, anger, concern, or worry, among others. The eyebrow has several paired depressor muscles consisting of the corrugators, depressor supercilii, and the orbicularis oculi muscles. The frontal branch of the facial nerve innervates all these muscles. The procerus muscle, also an eyebrow depressor, lies in the midline between the frontalis muscles. The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervates the procerus (Figure 4.1).
Forehead
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Izolda Heydenrych, Fabio Ingallina, Thierry Besins, Shannon Humphrey, Steven R. Cohen, Ines Verner
Frontalis elevates the brows. Procerus and depressor supercilii cause depression of the brows while corrugator and orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) cause both depression and approximation. Glabellar contraction patterns have been classified according to the predominant movement. In patients with longer and more horizontal corrugators, the predominant movement may occur in two phases with initial horizontal approximation (converging arrows) and then elevation (omega) or depression (“V”). The predominant pattern should be correctly identified for a tailored treatment approach.
Aesthetic
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The frontalis muscle forms a continuous layer with the galea. It inserts into the supraorbital dermis and interdigitates with the orbicularis oculi, whilst the posterior part of the galea passes deep to the muscle and inserts into the periosteum at the supraorbital rim. Other brow muscles include the following: The corrugator supercilii with its oblique head (supraorbital rim to medial eyebrow dermis and thus acts as a brow depressor forming the oblique glabellar lines) and transverse head (from medial supraorbital rim to middle-third eyebrow dermis, thus moving the brow medially and forming vertical glabellar lines).The depressor supercilii runs from the medial supraorbital rim to the medial brow dermis, thus depressing the brow and forming oblique lines.The procerus runs from the medial supraorbital rim to the dermis of the medial brow, thus depressing the brow forming the nasal root lines that are oblique and horizontal.Orbicularis oculi, orbital part – the medial part causes medial brow depression whilst the lateral portion causes lateral brow depression and crow’s feet.
A personalized treatment approach of frontalis muscle with botulinum toxin A (Bont-A) related to functional anatomy: case studies
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2020
The anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle (frontalis muscle) is often depicted as a large, roughly rectangular muscle, consisting of two symmetrical bellies whose fibers are oriented vertically and mostly joined in the midline in its front (4,5), rarely as single muscle possessing a linear insertion (6). Muscle belly asymmetry was observed in 30% of the 32 Caucasian cadavers assessed by Costin and colleagues (6). The fibers of the lower part of the frontalis muscle run into the superficial fascia of the skin of the eyebrow, and mingle with the fibers of the glabellar complex (corrugators, procerus, and depressor supercilii) and orbicularis oculii muscles (7,8). More frequently, in the upper part, the rear belly of the frontalis muscle is characterized by a midline bifurcation at its galeal insertion (9). The anatomy of the lateral border of the muscle and its relationship to the temporal ridge is polymorphic (10,11). Lower, in the later border, the frontalis muscle interdigitates with the orbicularis oculi on average 3.4 cm lateral to the supraorbital notch of Caucasian cadavers (12). The superficial fibers of this muscle attach to the undersurface of the dermis, causing superficial wrinkles during the contraction process.
Upper blepharoplasty: advanced techniques and adjunctive procedures
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2023
Parya Abdolalizadeh, Mohsen Bahmani Kashkouli, Vahid Khamesi, Nasser Karimi, Hossein Ghahvehchian, Leila Ghiasian
Slight medial eyebrow elevation and smoothening of frown lines are achievable through UB incision [99]. Using an upper eyelid incision, the dissection at the supra-periosteal plane is extended supra-medially to the glabellar region [98]. Then, corrugator supercilli, the depressor supercilii and the procerus muscles are accessed and transected with electrocautery [94].