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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Olewnik et al. (2018b) studied plantaris in 130 cadaveric lower limbs. Plantaris was absent in 14 limbs (10.8%). In 51 out of the 116 cases (44%) in which the muscle was present, plantaris had a wide insertion onto the calcaneus medial to the Achilles tendon. In 26 cases (22.4%), the insertion onto the calcaneus blended with that of the Achilles tendon. In eight cases (6.9%), the insertion was into the calcaneus anterior to the Achilles tendon. In four cases (3.4%), the insertion was into the deep crural fascia. In 21 cases (18.1%), there was a wide insertion onto the posterior and medial aspects of the Achilles tendon. In six cases (5.2%), there was an insertion into the flexor retinaculum.
Fascial Anatomy
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
The retinaculum of the ankle is a structure that researchers have attempted to define in various ways (Figure 2.4). C. Stecco8 studied 27 dissected ankles. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in vivo to 7 healthy subjects: 17 with sprained ankles and 3 with limb amputation. The study demonstrated the retinaculum of the ankle is a reinforcement of the deep fascia. This may explain why so many authors define this structure in different ways. The retinaculum of the ankle is a dynamic structure, and stress makes it stronger and thicker. Thus, after an ankle sprain it is crucial to restore its function. In addition, examination should ascertain what other structures might be involved via the leg (crural) fascia extending toward the limbs and pelvis (fascia lata).
The Leg
Published in Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause
The leg is surrounded by a stout layer of deep fascia, the crural fascia. This fascia, plus the bones, an interosseous membrane, and intermuscular septae separate and enclose three muscular compartments, each of which has its own source of innervation (Fig. 12:3).
Free neurosensory flap based on the accompanying vessels of lateral sural cutaneous nerve: anatomic study and preliminary clinical applications
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Weichao Yang, Gen Wen, Feng Zhang, William C. Lineaweaver, Chunyang Wang, Kyler Jones, Yimin Chai
The LSCN is a well-known sensory nerve in the posterolateral region of calf [10–12]. Usually, it perforates the crural fascia 5–10 cm inferior to the popliteal crease, supplying the fascia and skin of the lateral two-thirds of the leg. However, little attention has been paid to the vessels that accompany the LSCN. In this study, an anatomical study of SLSA and its association with the LSCN was performed, and a sensate flap – a free lateral sural neurocutaneous flap – based on the SLSA and LSCN was designed for sensory and soft tissue reconstruction.