China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Posterior Skull Surgery in Craniosynostosis
Published in Niall MH McLeod, Peter A Brennan, 50 Landmark Papers every Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon Should Know, 2020
The surgical management of raised intracranial pressure and abnormal head shape in craniosynostosis has focused on interventions that increase the cranial vault volume to allow the brain space to develop. Historically, procedures that addressed the anterior part of the skull (such a fronto-orbital advancement and remodelling) were utilised predominantly.
Sanfilippo disease/mucopolysaccharidosis type III
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Roentgenographic findings are those of a mild dystosis multiplex (Figures 79.11–79.13) [17]. Most patients with this syndrome have a thickening and increased density of the cranial vault in the posterior parietal and occipital areas (Figure 79.12) [31]. The mastoids may be sclerotic. The sella turcica appears normal. There may be a biconvex appearance or an ovoid dysplasia of the thoracolumbar vertebrae, as well as platyspondyly (Figure 79.11). Among patients with dysostosis multiplex, those with this syndrome have the mildest bony changes. Those with I cell disease, or mucolipidosis II and Gm1 gangliosidosis, and Hurler disease have the most prominent bony changes. Computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may reveal mild atrophy early, but this is progressive with the neurodegeneration.
Aging of Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Daria Voropai, Steven Dayan, Luis Fernando Botero, Chiara Botti, Leonard Miller, Ali Pirayesh
The main function of the facial skeleton is to protect the brain and important sensory organs of smell, sight, and taste, and to provide a foundation for the face. The skull is subdivided into two main parts: the cranial vault, which protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures, and the facial bones, which form the support for the soft tissues of the face, the nasal cavity, the eyeballs, and the upper and lower teeth.
Cerebral swelling caused by deep venous thrombosis immediately after cranioplasty
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Yu Shimizu, Katsuhiro Tsuchiya, Hironori Fujisawa
MR angiography after cranioplasty did not reveal diffuse arterial narrowing or occlusion of the main trunk. Therefore, there was a low possibility of intraoperative cerebrovascular infarction caused by embolism or atheroma.4 Van Roost et al.5 estimated that a negative pressure difference may occur in 1 out of 7000 neurosurgical operations for supratentorial lesions. The incidence of this pressure difference after cranioplasty may be higher, especially when the cranial vault defect is large and the brain is atrophic and depressed. The application of a vacuum suction system to the large cavity in the reconstructed cranial vault at the end of the cranioplasty may have caused intracranial hypotension and massive shifting of the chronically depressed brain. However, neither did we use vacuum suction system nor did we find shifting of the depressed brain before cranioplasty. Chitale et al. reported on a 64-year-old man who underwent cranioplasty because of massive right middle cerebral artery stroke. A CT scan 5 h later showed diffuse brain oedema; subsequently, the patient died.6
Test-retest validation of a cranial deformity index in unilateral coronal craniosynostosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Emilie Robertson, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, Daniel Aalto
Quantifying cranial vault morphology in craniosynostosis is challenging. The typical phenotype associated with UCS poses additional challenges due to the asymmetric nature of the deformity. As outlined by previous authors, there are multiple anatomic regions of the affected skull that are dysmorphic (Beckett et al. 2013; Masserano et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019). What has remained a primary goal for CVR surgery is improvement of the contour of the frontal bones to create a less noticeable forehead deformity in affected patients. The forehead deformity in UCS is a visually salient feature (Robertson et al. 2020). Therefore, a method to quantify cranial vault morphology that focuses on the contour and position of the frontal bones is clinically important, and has been the focus of described methods (Wood et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018; Porras et al., 2019). While there have been many advances in the measurement of craniosynostosis deformities, there is still a need for a reliable and user-friendly measurement procedure to quantify the frontal bone deformity in UCS. Existing methods do not meet all of these criteria, and may explain the persistent inconsistency in how outcome measures are reported in this field. The primary objective of this study was to develop a step-wise, user-friendly, and accessible measurement index workflow to enable clinicians to quantitatively assess cranial vault morphology in UCS patients. Secondary objectives were to assess the reliability of the index, and to demonstrate how the index could be used in an alternative way to quantify reconstruction outcomes.
Evaluation and Management of V pattern Strabismus in Craniosynostosis
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2020
Abdelrahman M. Elhusseiny, Elisah M. Huynh, Linda R. Dagi
Timing and potential impact of craniofacial surgery remain somewhat controversial. Diamond et al. evaluated the ocular misalignment after craniofacial reconstruction. They reported that out of 120 patients who underwent complete ocular examination pre-and postoperatively, only nine patients developed a change in their primary position ocular alignment and this was persistently more than 10 prism diopters in only 3 patients.32 In contrast, Samra et al. demonstrated new-onset strabismus in about 40% of patients with UCS after fronto-orbital advancement.33 Diamond recommended early strabismus surgery before craniofacial reconstruction in an attempt to achieve single binocular vision.32,34 Conversely, Morax evaluated the ocular alignment in patients with craniosynostosis undergoing a major subtotal orbital translocation surgery. He reported that exotropia was decreased in 8 out of 9 Crouzon syndrome patients; however, esotropia remained unchanged in two patients with Apert syndrome.35 Fortunately, the current trend toward earlier craniofacial intervention (by 4 months of age for endoscopic procedures and close to year of age for cranial vault expansion) makes awaiting completion of the primary craniofacial repair reasonable. At our institution, it is rare to consider intervention before primary craniofacial repair (by about a year of age). Although secondary craniofacial surgery may prove necessary later in life, it is generally not advisable to delay indicated strabismus surgery until this time, as the delay may impact binocularity.