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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Cellulite is an alteration of the topography of the skin that occurs mainly in women in the pelvic region, lower limbs, and abdomen. It is characterized by a padded or “orange peel” appearance (Rossi and Vergnanini, 2000). Bauer et al. (2018) conducted a feasibility study on the utility of infrared thermography for the classification of cellulite stages. They used thermal camera FLIR T335 which has a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels and a sensitivity of 50 mK. They automatically adjusted all recorded thermal images to the same temperature window. They found that cellulite regions exhibit non-uniform temperature distribution in thigh and lower back regions characterized by contours and shapes with uneven and higher temperatures than the surroundings. Those irregularities were marked manually using Image J software. They extracted four characteristics from the thermal images, such as Group 1: Number of irregularities; Group 2: Cumulative area; Group3: Cumulative area of irregularities/area of thigh region; Group4: Irregularities number × area of irregularities. These features were used in a deep learning algorithm to differentiate cellulite stages, which were after further modification of the classifiers able to detect the grade of cellulite correctly in 48 out of 49 thermal images. Unfortunately, scoring the clinical assessment of cellulite patients is incompletely reported, particularly the number of false-positive and false-negative cases of the thermographic evaluation remains obscured. Nevertheless, this promising imaging-orientated approach warrants further investigations.
Adapting Injection Techniques to Different Regions
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Anand V Chytra, Nicholas Moellhoff, Zeenit Sheikh, Adapting Dermal Fillers in Clinical Practice, 2022
Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Nicholas Moellhoff
The layered arrangement of the gluteal region contains skin (layer 1), superficial fat (layer 2), superficial fascia (layer 3), deep fat (layer 4), and deep fascia (layer 5) covering the gluteal musculature (Frank et al., 20195). The subcutaneous architecture shows differences between men and women, thereby providing an explanation for the development of cellulite frequently observed in females. Irrespective of gender, the superficial and deep fats form a honeycomb-like structure, with numerous short and thin septa linking the superficial fascia with the skin, and thick strong septa containing neurovascular bundles connecting the deep fascia to the dermis. Females have significantly fewer fat lobules and connecting septa within the superficial fat compared to men, and each lobule has increased height and width. The structural characteristics of the fat and the biomechanical forces exerted at the subdermal junction determine the existence of cellulite. The skin surface is at balance between extrusion and containing forces, determined by the skin, the septal network (inward pulling force), and the fat lobules (outward force). The increased height of fat lobules, together with the limited amount of fibrous septa, causes less stability at the skin surface in females, increasing the probability of a mattress-like appearance at the skin surface (Rudolph et al., 2019).
Intimate areas
Published in Jani van Loghem, Calcium Hydroxylapatite Soft Tissue Fillers, 2020
Jani van Loghem, Pieter Siebenga
Cellulite is a descriptive term used to characterize the altered topography of skin (e.g., dimpled or “peau d'orange”-like appearance) located most frequently on the buttocks and the posterior, outer thighs [1]. Among females it has a high prevalence of about 80%–90%, but in males cellulite is rare [2]. Cellulite is thought to be a multifactorial condition influenced by dimorphism of subcutaneous connective tissue, abnormalities of the circulatory system, inflammatory and hormonal processes, and localized differences in tissue tension [3, 4]. When treating cellulite, it is imperative to increase the strength and elasticity of both the dermis and superficial fascia. This can be accomplished via remodeling and neocollagenesis. In a recent study in women with moderate-to-severe cellulite, it was found that CaHA, in combination with microfocused ultrasound with visualization, was able to significantly improve the cellulite after only one treatment [5]. Both treatments are known for their skin-tightening ability as they remodel the dermis and collagenous structures in the superficial fascia with neocollagenesis and elastogenesis [5].
Multicenter study of vacuum-assisted precise tissue release for the treatment of cellulite in a cohort of 112 Italian women assessed with cellulite dimples scale at rest
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Stefania Guida, Bruno Bovani, Pier Luigi Canta, Roberto Dell’Avanzato, Michela Galimberti, Ginevra Migliori, Giovanni Pellacani, Pier Luca Bencini
The etiology of cellulite has been investigated and interesting insights into its pathogenesis have been provided. Magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated the presence of thicker subcutaneous fibrous septae, generally running perpendincular to the skin, in correspondence of dimples, as compared to cellulite-free areas in women(2). Targeting these thick septae connecting the dermis to the underlying fascia has shown to have a great impact on cellulite treatment. Accordingly, a tissue stabilized-guided subcision (TS-GS) system (Cellfina System; Merz Parmaceutical GmBh), Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared for long-term improvement of cellulite of buttocks and thighs, has been developed to release tissue underlying dimples. The efficacy and safety of this treatment have been reported in the US population (1,3,4).
The effects of fascia manipulation with fascia devices on myofascial tissue, subcutaneous fat and cellulite in adult women
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2019
T Bart Jameson, Ashley D. Black, Matthew H. Sharp, Jacob M. Wilson, Matthew W. Stefan, Swetanshu Chaudhari
Mechanistically, cellulite is likely caused by excess adipose tissue retention with fibrous septae that sequester fat in discrete packets along with vertically oriented fascial bands that are anchored to the deep fascia, giving the skin its distinctive puckered, irregular, “orange-peel” appearance (Alster & Tanzi, 2005; Romero, Caballero, & Herrero et al., 2008). There are many factors that may affect the formation and appearance of cellulite, including genetic factors, hormonal disturbances, disturbances in lymph and blood microcirculation, dietary habits, psychological factors, pregnancy, sedentary lifestyle and alcohol consumption (Bayrakci Tunay et al., 2010; Lucassen, Sluys, & Herk et al., 1997). Cellulite is a clinical condition that is not well understood, despite being such a common problem for women, and there are few effective non-invasive treatments available.
Evaluation and efficacy of carbon dioxide therapy (carboxytherapy) versus mesolipolysis in the treatment of cellulite
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
Fatma Eldsouky, Howyda Mohamed Ebrahim
Cellulite is a localized metabolic disorder of subcutaneous fat. Cellulite remains a major cosmetic concern for women and is associated with negative impact on their quality of life. It was reported that carboxytherapy is one of the best modalities to fight cellulite (17,18). Clinical studies demonstrated the effectiveness of carboxytherapy treatment in localized fat deposit. The effect of carboxytherapy on adipose tissue was based on increases in CO2 concentration, which decreases the pH of the blood; this hypercapnia leads to good tissue oxygenation with subsequent increase in blood flow, deriving growth factors, encouraging lipolysis, and improving the skin texture and elasticity (19,20). Infusion of CO2 causes tissue stretching that induces subclinical inflammation that stimulates tissues repair and regeneration. This inflammatory process recruits cells (as fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells) that induce neovascularization and extracellular matrix remodeling (21–23). The mesotherapy is a technique applied with a small needle into the desired area. It includes delivery of the therapeutic drug without any associated risk of systemic effects. It was reported that mesolipolysis is effective in reducing cellulite, improving elasticity, and tightening the skin (24).