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Thorax
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
The bronchopulmonary segments (ten segments on each side) are well defined functional areas of lung supplied by a segmental or tertiary bronchus. Each segment is pyramidal in shape serving as an individual respiratory unit with its own pulmonary arterial supply; the pulmonary venous circulation running in the intersegmental plane (Figure 2.5).
The Chest
Published in Kenneth D Boffard, Manual of Definitive Surgical Trauma Care: Incorporating Definitive Anaesthetic Trauma Care, 2019
The right lung constitutes about 55% of the total lung mass and has oblique and transverse fissures that divide it into three lobes. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure. Both lungs are divided into bronchopulmonary segments corresponding to the branches of the lesser bronchi and are supplied by branches of the pulmonary arteries. The right and left pulmonary arteries pass superiorly in the hilum, anterior to each respective bronchus. There are superior and inferior pulmonary veins on each side, the middle lobe usually being drained by the superior vein.
SBA Answers and Explanations
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
There are typically ten anatomically definable bronchopulmonary segments within each lung, each containing a segmental (tertiary) bronchus, a segmental artery, a segmental vein, lymphatics, and autonomic nerves and separated from their adjacent segments by connective tissue. Each is pyramidal in shape with its apex towards the lung root and its base towards the surface of the lung, and each is anatomically and functionally separate from the rest. The importance of understanding bronchopulmonary segments is that diseased segments, since they are structural units, can be selectively removed surgically (segmentectomy). Nowadays, this can be performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).
Bronchoalveolar lavage: role in the evaluation of pulmonary interstitial disease
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Stanca-Patricia Hogea, Emanuela Tudorache, Camelia Pescaru, Monica Marc, Cristian Oancea
During standard flexible bronchoscopy the distal end of the bronchoscope should be placed in a wedge position within the selected bronchopulmonary segment to avoid contamination of distal airspace sampling with proximal large airway secretions. Sterile isotonic saline, prewarmed to body temperature, is instilled through the bronchoscope, with a total volume that is between 100 and 240 mL using multiple aliquots of 20–60 mL (usually four to five aliquots). After instillation the liquid is immediately aspirated and recovered, using a negative suction pressure less than 100 mmHg. The negative suction pressure should be adjusted to avoid visible airway collapse. Aspiration should be done by using gentle suction. Suction which is too forceful can cause collapse of the distal airways or trauma of the airway mucosa, and so alter the BAL fluid profile [1–6].
Non-invasive systemic drug delivery through mucosal routes
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Amit K. Goyal, Ranjit Singh, Gaurav Chauhan, Goutam Rath
Varied physiological conditions of transmucosal site is the major challenge for systemic delivery drugs including differences in pH of physiological fluids; presence of different microbial flora and enzymes; thickness of mucosal layers; differences in blood connectivity and their distribution; changes in physiological condition with respect to age, sex and disease condition; changes in volume and area of dissolution. Similarly, limited volume and area; and presence of enzyme and their clearance mechanism is limiting factor for drug delivery through nasal and ocular route. In addition, with the advantages of large surface area and excellent blood supply of pulmonary track, it is also still underutilized because of complex bronchopulmonary segment, mucocilliary clearance and lower uptake of the drugs through pulmonary route. It is essential to understand this critical balance between the problems associated and advantages offered by different mucosal sites before selecting as delivery route [14–17].
Ventilation and perfusion abnormalities following recovery from noncritical COVID-19
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
Carmen Venegas, Christopher J.C. Marriott, Terence Ho, Kiho Son, Rameen Jamil, Meher Jamal, Melanie Kjarsgaard, Chynna Huang, Katherine Radford, Myrna B. Dolovich, Catherine E. Farrow, Troy H. Farncombe, Matthew Lubanovic, Ehsan Haider, Parameswaran Nair, Manali Mukherjee, Sarah Svenningsen
CT datasets were reviewed by a chest radiologist (E.H.) who was blinded to participant characteristics and COVID-19 history. Each bronchopulmonary segment was systematically examined and reported as normal, or having ground-glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, reticulation, emphysema, mosaic attenuation, bronchial wall thickening, centrilobular nodules and/or bronchiectasis.