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Micronutrients for Improved Management of Huntington’s Disease
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
MicroRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of HD. Seventy five miRs were identified in the autopsied samples of the pre-frontal cortex (Brodmann area 9). Among them, five miRs (miR-10b-3p, miR-10b-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-196b-5p, and miR-106a-5p) that were associated with CAG-length-adjusted age of onset of the symptoms, the expression of miR-10b-5p was most prominent.47 Furthermore, the association between miR-10b-5p and striatal involvement was independent of cortical involvement.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
As used in the word “prefrontal,” the prefix “pre-” means “anterior part of,” not “anterior to” (e.g., Bethel, 1958, p. 663—other words with the same meaning of “pre-” as a prefix are “preabdomen” and “precerebral”).2 In this regard, Brodmann areas do not lend themselves particularly well as descriptors, for they are not laid out in neat vertical bands, running consecutively from anterior to posterior. As an example, Brodmann area 9 extends further anteriorly and posteriorly than any part of Brodmann areas 45, 46, or 47 (e.g., C&S, p. 652 [Fig. 19–5]).
Neural Activity Across the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2022
Zarmeen Zahid, Liam McMahon, Michael Lynch
Changes in blood oxygenation in the dlPFC were measured using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging system (Model 200A) manufactured by fNIR Devices LLC (Potomoc, MD), along with COBI Studios software for data acquisition (Ayaz, 2005). The fNIRS device was noninvasive and used a rubber headband that houses four light emitting diodes (LED) and 10 light detectors with a fixed source separation of 2.5 cm, resulting in 16 separate data channels (or “optodes”) across the dlPFC. See Figure 1. The diodes emitted two distinct wavelengths of light at 730 nm and 850 nm which make it possible to estimate levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex. The sampling rate of each channel was 500 ms. The LEDs emit light into the tissue surrounding the headband, and light is either absorbed or scattered by the tissue under the headband. Through a process known as multiple sequential scattering, detectors located on the headband are able to register light which returns to the surface of the tissue. The light which is registered by the detectors makes it possible to measure oxygenation and deoxygenation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In particular, the cortical layers of the dlPFC which are being monitored roughly correspond to Brodmann’s areas 9, 10 and 46 (BA9, BA10 and BA46). All three of these areas are thought to be involved in higher order functioning such as planning and organization, and also memory and decision making (Sanches et al., 2009).
Grey matter volume abnormalities in the first depressive episode of medication-naïve adult individuals: a systematic review of voxel based morphometric studies
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Meysam Amidfar, João Quevedo, Gislaine Z. Réus, Yong-Ku Kim
Significant advances in the structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) techniques as powerful non-invasive approaches in the past decade allow exploring structural neuropathologic abnormalities in the several specific brain regions associated with MDD (Dunlop and Mayberg 2014; Kambeitz et al. 2017). It is thought that these structural abnormalities might be due to neuronal loss induced by apoptosis or inhibited neurogenesis, or as a result of reduced volume of individual neurons and glia cells produced by the toxic effect of increased levels of glucocorticoid (Videbech and Ravnkilde 2004). Interactions between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation induced by elevations of glutamate transmission and cortisol hypersecretion have been suggested as an etiologic factor associated to brain volume reductions in MDD individuals (Drevets 2004). The histopathological correlation of grey matter volume reductions reported in the posterolateral orbital cortex, ventral striatum, and subgenual ACC in MDD subjects relative to controls included reductions in glial cells with no equivalent loss of neurons, reductions in neuronal size, reductions in synapses or synaptic proteins and elevations in neuronal density (Drevets 2004). Moreover, MDD subjects showed abnormal reductions in glial cell counts and density, and/or glia-to-neuron ratios in the amygdala, the dorsal anterolateral PFC (BA9) and the Brodmann area (BA) 24 cortex of the pregenual ACC and the reduced mean size of neurons in the dorsal anterolateral PFC (BA9) relative to controls (Drevets 2004).
KEOPS complex expression in the frontal cortex in major depression and schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Mackenzie E. Abel, Xiaolu Zhang, Sophie M. Asah, Alyssa Wolfinger, Robert E. McCullumsmith, Sinead M. O’Donovan
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Brodmann area 9) brain tissue samples were obtained from the Maryland and Alabama Brain Collections. Two independent psychiatrists established DSM-IV diagnoses based on the review of available medical records, autopsy reports, and interviews with family using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. All cases were obtained with consent from the next of kin with IRB approved protocols. Tissue was obtained from subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched non-psychiatrically ill controls (CTL) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and matched non-psychiatrically ill controls (CTL) subjects (n = 20 per group). Subjects were matched for sex, age, post-mortem interval (PMI) and pH (Table 1). Thirteen subjects were common to both non-psychiatrically ill control groups.