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The Kindling Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Published in Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson, Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
Two systems exist for determining the relative position of a structure within the rat brain. The original system utilized the interaural line as the basis of determining the stereotaxic coordinates. The interaural line refers to a line through the head of the rat from one auditory meatus to the other. In the second system, bregma is used as the major reference. As indicated in Figure 3.2A, bregma is the point of intersection of the coronal skull suture with the midline or saggital suture. Most recent atlases provide coordinates for both systems so that the investigator can use either point of reference. Advantages to using bregma are (1) it is visible during surgery, and (2) greater accuracy is achieved when using rats of different sizes.17,20 Whishaw et al.20 also reported greater accuracy with bregma when the anatomical structure of interest is located anterior to this reference point. Although Paxinos and Watson11 confirmed this finding, they also noted that the interaural reference point may be better suited for localizing more posterior structures.
B
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Bregma [Greek: brechein, to moisten + bregma, forepart of the head] Ancient Greek physicians used the term to refer to the most humid –and delicate –part of the infant’s skull. Aristotle used it for the bone in the anterior part of the skull that was the last to fuse after birth. It was renamed the vertex by Galen (129–200).
Clinical anatomy of the newborn
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
Mark D. Stringer, S. Ali Mirjalili
Fontanels are formed where several skull vault bones meet. The two most prominent are the anterior fontanel overlying the superior sagittal venous sinus at the junction of the metopic and sagittal sutures (bregma), and the posterior fontanel at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures (lambda).51 The size of the anterior fontanel at birth is very variable; if unduly large, it may be an indication of congenital hypothyroidism, raised intracranial pressure or a skeletal disorder.52 The timing of closure is also variable, but the anterior fontanel is obliterated by 2 years of age in 95% of children53 and the posterior by 2 months of age.54
Transcranial histotripsy parameter study in primary and metastatic murine brain tumor models
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Sarah Duclos, Andrew Golin, Adam Fox, Neeraj Chaudhary, Sandra Camelo-Piragua, Aditya Pandey, Zhen Xu
Tumor implantation protocols were the same for both GL261 and LL/2-Luc2 cells. Mice were initially anesthetized with 5% isoflurane and 1% oxygen and maintained at 2% isoflurane and 1% oxygen for the remainder of the procedure. After fur removal and skin sterilization, a 1 cm anterior–posterior incision was cut and a small area of periosteum was removed to expose the skull. A 1 mm burr hole was drilled into the skull approximately 2 mm lateral and 1 mm posterior to the bregma in the right brain hemisphere. A stereotactic rodent brain injection system was used for tumor implantations. The syringe and needle system (10 µl, Hamilton) was positioned 4 mm deep relative to the brain surface and was extracted 0.5 mm to create a pocket for the cell injection. 0.5 µl of the cell suspension was injected over 1 min and the needle was extracted slightly. The rest of the cell suspension (0.5 µl) was injected over 1 min and the needle was extracted from the brain 7 min later in 0.5 mm increments until the needle cleared the surface of the brain. The injection site was plugged with bone wax and the incision was secured with skin glue. Mice were administered carprofen (5 mg/kg SQ) and placed in a recovery chamber for 20 min following the procedure.
Intracranial sewing needle – accidentally inserted from a traditional cap worn by infants
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Oliyath Ali, Ishrit Yasin, Mohd Abbas, Mohd Hussain
As far as the cause of the foreign body in our case is concerned, it is highly likely that the needle must have been accidentally inserted from the skull cap with sewing needles holding the decorations the patients was wearing during her infancy as per part of the tradition her tribe follows. The location of the foreign body in the frontal lobe near the location of bregma in infancy suggested its insertion during infancy through the open anterior fontanel. There was no injury or bleeding from the scalp which might have suggested its insertion during the minor head trauma. There have been reports of voluntary infanticide earlier in literature inserting sewing needles in the brain through the open fontanels during infancy. The offending person is usually the stepmother, but psychopathic mother, aunt, stepsister, and baby sitter have also been mentioned as offenders.11,15 If the first homicide attempt were not successful, a second, third, or even more attempts might be performed to harm the victim.10 In our case there was no such history of any child abuse or any other history relating to the insertion of foreign body in her brain.
Lithium upregulates growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and improves electrophysiological outcomes in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia following a long-term recovery period
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Shih-Huang Tai, Sheng-Yang Huang, Liang-Chun Chao, Yu-Wen Lin, Chien-Chih Huang, Tian-Shung Wu, Yan-Shen Shan, Ai-Hua Lee, E-Jian Lee
SSEP recordings were conducted before the ischemic insult as the baseline and post-insult for 28 days using a previously described method [18]. Rats were anesthetized with 0.5–2% halothane mixed with 70% N2O and 30% O2 and placed in a cage (60 × 45 × 45 cm) made of aluminum columns and copper mesh. Appropriate stereotactic coordinates were measured from the bregma, and four holes were created in the parietal bones at appropriate stereotaxic coordinates (AP 0–1 mm, LM 4–5 mm and AP −1 to −2 mm, LM 2–3 mm for the fore- and hindpaw receptive fields, respectively). A recording microelectrode was then positioned 0.5 mm below the cortical surface. The signal was filtered with bandpass (10–2000 Hz) and notch (60 Hz) filters, and the signals were recorded digitally on a computer (Medelec Synergy Suite EMG/EP; Oxford Instruments, UK). The somatosensory stimuli consisted of transcutaneous electrical stimulation (1–3 mA direct current, 0.1 ms duration, 1 Hz) of the fore- and hindpaws contralateral to the side of the recording. At least 20 evoked potentials were averaged and recorded to obtain the latency and intensity of the field potentials. The SSEP waves, which consist of the first negative peak (N1) and first positive (P1) peak, were used to measure the latency and amplitude (negative up). The potential latency and amplitude were defined as the time difference between the stimulation to N1 and the intensity difference between N1 and P1, respectively.