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Weaning a Baby onto a Vegan Diet
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
Normally, plant-based foods do not contain vitamin D, although some foods may be fortified with it and UV-irradiated mushrooms can provide vitamin D (Cardwell et al., 2018). As vitamin D enhances the absorption of dietary calcium, deficiency can result in compromised bone growth and development. This can result in stunting and rickets, which is characterised by soft, weakened bones and can result in permanent skeletal deformities.
Physical and Physiological Reponses and Adaptations
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Other musculoskeletal adaptations to endurance training may include stimulating bone growth and strengthening tendons and ligaments. Endurance training activities exist on a spectrum with low-intensity, long-duration activities on one end and high-intensity, shorter duration on the other end. While the relative intensity of the endurance activity must reach a threshold above an individual’s daily activity strain to stimulate osteogenesis (15), it has been suggested that higher intensity activities such as running and high-intensity aerobics may stimulate bone growth to a greater extent (15, 17). Based on this rationale, higher intensity activities would benefit bone growth to a greater extent. For example, researchers have shown interval training (16) and weight training (24) to stimulate bone growth to a greater extent than lower intensity activities. The relative intensity of the training stimulus also appears to influence the ability of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage to grow and become stronger (63).
Biochemistry of Exercise Training: Effects on Bone
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Panagiota Klentrou, Rozalia Kouvelioti
Bone growth involves complex processes, which start before birth and continue until bones reach their final size and maturity in early adulthood (34). During childhood, bones grow in width-thickness (appositional growth) and length (interstitial growth) (136). While bones grow, formation exceeds bone resorption; this process ensures bone mass increases in order to reach its peak (82). PBM is an important parameter for skeletal health and relates to the risk of osteoporosis later in life (31, 34). Specifically, the higher the PBM achieved during early adulthood, the lower the risk of osteoporotic fractures later in elderly life. PBM has shown to explain 50% of the variance in BMD in 70-year-old post-menopausal women, while bone loss due to ageing accounts for the other 50%. The increase in bone mass is higher during the first 2 years of life and during puberty, with 25% of the final PBM being achieved over the adolescent growth spurt. PBM is achieved between the twenties and thirties and is higher in males than females (31).
Physical activity and sleep quality correlations with anthropometric measurements in young adults
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Ashley Y. Kim, John H. Gieng, Shiho Osako Luna, Kasuen Mauldin
Our results showed that Habitual Physical Activity total index and sport index were both inversely correlated with percent body fat. Similar findings were found in female freshman college students who completed skinfold measurements and Habitual Physical Activity questionnaires. Results showed significant decreases in Habitual Physical Activity total and sport indices and increases in percent body fat and BMI.45 Exercise provides a way for the body to utilize fatty acids and glucose as energy for the muscles. Since excess food intake is typically stored as fat in the body, participating in physical activity allows the body to use the stored energy and decrease percent body fat.46 A study in 2009 found that college students who performed the most physical activity had increased bone mineral content.2 This is consistent with our finding that there was a positive correlation between the sport index and bone mineral density. Because bone is a living tissue, applying stress through weight-bearing or strength exercises can stimulate bone growth and increase bone mineral density.47 Peak bone density is reached at around 30 years old, so our participants were still within the age range to improve bone mineral density levels.48
Radiographic evaluation of the mandible to predict age and sex in subadults
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
While the size of the mandible is influenced by various factors other than sex, including genetics and nutrition [27,28], the overall size and thickness of the male mandible is generally accepted to be greater than that of the female due as a result of differences in growth patterns and muscular activities [1,29]. However, the effects of sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone on the speed of bone growth are observed following puberty, whereas during the prepubertal stage, growth and thyroid hormones are the dominant hormones affecting bone growth [30]. Considering that the present study was conducted on mandibles of children in the prepubertal stage, it can be suggested that the influence of sex hormones on craniofacial morphological growth during prepuberty is insufficient to allow for accurate predictions of sex from mandibular parameters.
Influence of sequential opening/closing of interface gaps and texture density on bone growth over macro-textured implant surfaces using FE based mechanoregulatory algorithm
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Rajdeep Ghosh, Souptick Chanda, Debabrata Chakraborty
Results show an increasing trend of bone growth at lower normal micromotions. However, higher values of normal micromotion will decrease the opening and closing gap thereby increasing the formation of fibrous tissue near the implant surface, thus destabilizing the interface leading to aseptic loosening of the implants. Soft cartilaginous tissue was observed to have form in abundance at lesser gap distance thus promoting endochondral ossification at long-term. The study reported a dependence of the formed tissue on the surface texture density. However, a linear relationship between the surface texture density and tissue growth was not observed from the present investigation. In addition, this study also shows that both the directional components of micromotion need to be equally reduced to enhance the possibility of higher bone growth. Nevertheless, full-scale FE models with physiological loading conditions and material anisotropy along with clinical implications in vivo are necessary to gather a better understanding into the growth patterns on textured implant surfaces with change in opening/closing gap at the bone-implant interface.