China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pregnancy and Skin Disease
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak, Ozge Askin, Yalçın Tüzün
Overview: During pregnancy, increased activity is observed in the eccrine sweat glands, which may cause dyshidrosis, hyperhidrosis, and miliaria. A decrease in activity is also seen in the apocrine sweat glands. This can provide relative relief in those women who have hidradenitis suppurativa and Fox-Fordyce lesions. Sebaceous glands can also become more active, as seen with Montgomery tubercles, which are the small papules on the areola that provide lubrication during breastfeeding and are now enlarged. Increased activity in the sebaceous glands may also cause acne flares.
Flexures
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
This is a disease of the apocrine sweat glands, which are found in the axillae and perineum. Tender papules, nodules and discharging sinuses occur in the axillae, groins, perianal area and very occasionally on the breasts. They heal leaving scars. It is thought to be due to an infection with Streptococcus milleri, but does not always respond to antibiotics.
Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
The apocrine sweat glands are found in specific areas of the body in man: the axilla, the areola, the pubis, the perianal region, eyelids, and external auditory meatus. In hairy mammals such as Bovidae, Ovidae, Equidae, Suidae, and most carnivores, they are usually found over the entire body surface (Figure 13). Apocrine glands develop just above the sebaceous glands in the developing hair follicle. All apocrine glands run parallel to the hair follicle and empty in the piliary canal. In some primates (Lemuridae) and sometimes in man, they may open directly onto the epidermal surface.217,219
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health
Published in Temperature, 2019
The apocrine gland is a second type of sweat gland, which was first recognized by Krause in 1844 and later named by Schiefferdecker in 1922 [20,21]. Apocrine sweat glands are located primarily in the axilla, breasts, face, scalp, and the perineum [21,22]. As shown in Figure 1, these glands differ from eccrine glands in that they are larger and open into hair follicles instead of onto the skin surface [12]. In addition, although present from birth, the secretory function of apocrine glands does not begin until puberty [23]. Apocrine glands produce viscous, lipid-rich sweat, which is also comprised of proteins, sugars, and ammonia [21,23]. The function of apocrine glands in many species is generally regarded as scent glands involved in production of pheromones (body odor), although this social/sexual function is rudimentary in humans. Apocrine gland innervation is poorly understood, but isolated sweat glands have been found to respond equally to adrenergic and cholinergic stimuli [23].
Inherent differences in keratinocyte function in hidradenitis suppurativa: Evidence for the role of IL-22 in disease pathogenesis
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Derek Jones, Anirban Banerjee, Peter Z. Berger, Alexandra Gross, Sean McNish, Richard Amdur, Victoria K. Shanmugam
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands, characterized by recurrent abscessing inflammation which affects approximately 1–4% of the population (Jemec et al. 1996; Vazquez et al., 2013). There is, currently, no known cure for HS and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Host innate and adaptive immune responses (Kelly et al., 2014), defective keratinocyte function (Jemec, 2012), and the microbial environment in the hair follicle and apocrine gland (Jahns et al., 2014) have all been postulated to play a role in disease activity. It is known that HS patients develop inflammatory skin lesions with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (Banerjee et al., 2016; Mozeika et al., 2013). Furthermore, studies investigating cellular and cytokine responses in HS lesional tissue suggest defects in immune responses with increased numbers of infiltrating CD4 + T cells producing IL-17 and IFN-γ, and reduced numbers of IL-22 secreting cells (Hotz et al., 2016). However, there is an unmet need to clarify the role that keratinocytes play in orchestrating the inflammatory responses seen in this disease.
Thermoregulatory effects of guava leaf extract-menthol toner application for post-exercise use
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Titeyut Wongsanao, Wipavadee Leemingsawat, Vipaporn Panapisal, Thanomwong Kritpet
Thermoregulatory and cardiovascular processes, including skin blood flow and sweating, during sustained exercise are significantly associated with increased body heat content due to metabolic heat production (Kenny and McGinn 2017). Sweating mainly reduces core and skin temperature during exercise (Tansey and Johnson 2015); then at the cessation of exercise, sweat production rate decreases rapidly, and the principle route of heat dissipation is likely convection through the skin in the period following exercise (Gerrett et al. 2018). However, sweat alkalinity during excessive perspiration resulting from bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) might alter the skin barrier and cause various skin diseases (Schmid-Wendtner and Korting 2006). Sweating from exercise was reported as the common factor which aggravated the symptoms of atopic dermatitis in school children (12–14 year-olds) (Williams et al. 2004). Moreover, secretion of sweat and leakage into tissues could promote itching for people with atopic dermatitis and aggravate dermatitis (Murota et al. 2018). Additionally, apocrine sweat glands secrete milk-like substances composed of electrolytes, steroids, proteins, vitamins, and lipid compounds, which might be transformed by skin flora bacteria and cause body odour (Fredrich et al. 2013). Therefore, post-exercise hygienic practices should quickly clean sweat stains from the skin, and if there is a way to decrease the remaining post-exercise perspiration, then the occurrence of the aforementioned problems will be prevented. Since the restoration of thermoregulation after exercise turns to be primarily convection through the skin instead, the body is still recovering after a workout.