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A Brief History of Nutritional Medicine and the Emergence of Nutrition as a Medical Subspecialty
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
But Wretlind and colleagues realized that if fat emulsion was to be safe for intravenous administration, it would need to mimic the natural way in which fat is transported within the body. This led them to conceptualize the artificial chylomicron, which became the product Intralipid (Schuberth and Wretlind. 1961). The newly formed intravenous lipid emulsions proved to be a successful means of administering calories as fat to critically-ill patients. Furthermore, the use of intravenous lipid emulsion permitted a reduction in the provision of calories in the form of glucose. Intravenous nutrition could now become a more balanced formula delivering physiologic levels of the macronutrients – protein, carbohydrate and fat. This physiologically balanced approach to nutritional support became incongruous with the concept of hyper-alimentation. A more appropriate term denoting this balanced concept emerged, and the modality became thereafter known as total parenteral nutrition (TPN), or simply parenteral nutrition (PN) (Vinnars and Wilmore 2003).
Sandhoff disease/GM2 gangliosidosis/deficiency of Hex A and Hex B subunit deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Abilities that have been learned are progressively lost. These might include the ability to grasp objects or to sit, crawl, or hold up the head. Patients never learn to walk. Many of these infants have doll-like faces with long eyelashes and fine hair, pale translucent skin and pink coloring. Cherry red macular spots (Figures 89.10 and 89.11) are seen bilaterally. Blindness is progressive and optic atrophy develops. Patients develop hyperacusis, or an exaggerated startle response to noise, which may be seen even quite early. The size of the head increases abnormally. Seizures are common; they develop some months after the onset of clear neurologic abnormality. They may be generalized or myoclonic. The electroencephalogram (EEG) also becomes progressively more abnormal. Visual loss is progressive and visual evoked potentials abnormal. Nystagmus was the initial sign in one patient [8]. Spasticity develops, and mental deterioration continues until the patient is rigid, decerebrate, and completely blind. Cardiac involvement and mitral regurgitation were observed in a 14-month-old who had marked overall regression at 18 months [9]. Computed tomography (CT) scan may reveal the Turkish moustache sign (Figure 89.12). Alimentation requires tube feeding. Death usually occurs between the ages of one and four years, most often from bronchopneumonia or aspiration.
Collodion baby and harlequin ichthyosis
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
D. V. Lakshmi, Sahana M. Srinivas
Nutrition and feeding: Increased TEWL and skin turnover increase the caloric demands. Eclabium further interferes with sucking. If sucking reflex is sufficient, oral/breast feeding should be encouraged. If poor, nasogastric tube feeding may be needed. Parenteral alimentation and enteral feed may be needed for proper calorie intake.
The Impact of Malnutrition on the Quality of Life of Colorectal Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Hospital
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Rogelio N. Velasco, Lance Isidore G. Catedral, Alfredo V. Chua, Aylmer Rex B. Hernandez, Rich Ericson C. King, Louis Mervyn B. Leones, Karen Anjela M. Mondragon, Frederic Ivan L. Ting, Jose Miguel C. Callueng, Mayou Martin T. Tampo, Dennis Lee Sacdalan
The results of the present study show that undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer was associated with a lower odds of developing malnutrition. Undergoing chemotherapy, in particular, posed a lower likelihood of malnutrition based on adjusted analysis. This is in contrast to other studies which show that chemoradiotherapy may increase the risk of malnutrition secondary to structural damage from treatment (25, 26). Moreover, a prospective study among 628 colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy demonstrated that nutritional counseling, oral nutrition and pharmacologic support improved nutritional status and survival (27). We surmise that patients who have undergone or currently undergoing chemotherapy have acceptable nutritional parameters; hence, the physicians deem they will be able to tolerate chemotherapy. Furthermore, chemotherapy may also reduce the tumor burden among patients and facilitate proper alimentation.
Systemic Inflammation Score as a Novel Prognostic Indicator for Patients Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lobectomy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Shuangjiang Li, Wenbiao Zhang, Zhang Yang, Yongjiang Li, Heng Du, Guowei Che
Our findings can facilitate thoracic surgeons to better distinguish the patients with high surgical risk by incorporating a SIS into traditional assessment models to complement prognostic prediction in lung cancer surgery. Of course, the SIS scoring system might also be very helpful for risk stratification in patients undergoing major lung resections through conventional thoracotomy. In order to enhance the surgical tolerability and limit the adverse survival outcomes, nutritional supportive care and intensive symptomatic therapies will be quite necessary when patients have a higher preoperative SIS. An early enteral alimentation, which has been reported to elevate sALB level and lymphocyte counts, may improve clinical prognosis of those patients with poor immune-nutritional reserve [15].
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Infectious/Febrile Episodes in Children with Intermediate Risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (IR ALL)
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Radosław Chaber, Elżbieta Latos-Grażyńska, Krzysztof Ciebiera, Kornelia Łach, Barbara Tokar, Józef Cebulski, Katarzyna Trybucka, Artur Mazur
An effective immunological defense against microbes depends on adequate energy and protein availability (17). Micronutrients including vitamins and minerals are essential for regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. A decreased level of vitamins A, C, D, and E as well as iron and zinc significantly increase the risk of infections (18). Proper alimentation is also important for supporting healthy gut microbiota that consists of about 100 trillion bacteria belonging to 500–1,000 species (19,20). Gut microbiota play a fundamental role in digestion, in the synthesis of vitamins B and K (21), and are associated with immune system function. It prevents the invasiveness of other microorganisms, maintains the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa, has a barrier effect and also cooperates in the induction, training and function of the host immune system (19,22). This is why intestinal microbiota are critically important in many infections affecting immunocompromised patients (23,24).