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Nutritional requirements
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Fibre is a term used for the particular types of carbohydrates that are not digested by the enzymes in the small intestine for absorption into the blood. They pass intact through to the large intestine ensuring the digestive system functions appropriately, preventing constipation and diarrhoea.
Nutraceutical Bioactives
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Andrew G. Mtewa, Kennedy J. Ngwira, Stephen Lutoti, Davies Mweta, Patrick E. Ogwang, Duncan C. Sesaazi
Dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble, from corn and wheat bran, oats, beans, and some nuts was reported to have reducing effects on colon cancers and maintaining the functioning of a digestive system (Khan et al., 2014). Green tea compounds are usually used as nutraceutical supplements due to their common effective antioxidant properties. These are largely extracted from phenolic compounds of the plant that are present in abundant.
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The digestive system is responsible for taking in foods and turning them into energy and nutrients that support the functions, growth, and repair of the body. The digestive activity can be divided into six processes: (1) ingestion, (2) mixing and moving of food and waste, (3) secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes, (4) breaking food down into components, (5) absorption of nutrients, and (6) excretion of waste. A list of digestive enzymes produced by the different components of the GI tract is presented in Table 8.2.
Severity scoring systems for radiation-induced GI injury – prioritization for use of GI-ARS medical countermeasures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Doreswamy Kenchegowda, David L. Bolduc, Lalitha Kurada, William F. Blakely
Life-threatening ionizing radiation exposure involves multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) system (Friesecke et al. 2001; Kiang and Olabisi 2019). The digestive system is composed of the GI tract and GI accessory organs (Table 1, Figure 1). The GI tract is among the most radiosensitive organ systems in the body, with the duodenum the most radiosensitive region of the digestive tract. The intestinal epithelial cells provide a physical and biochemical barrier that segregate host tissue and bacteria to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Radiation can cause crypt cell killing, injury to intestinal epithelial cells, and other effects resulting in a wide range of clinical manifestations, as illustrated in Table 1 (Shadad et al. 2013). See reviews on GI-radiation toxicity (Somosy et al. 2002; Hauer-Jensen 2007) and GI acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) (Macià I Garau et al. 2011; MacVittie et al. 2012, 2019; MacVittie and Jackson 2020).
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The oral cavity serves as the entry point for the digestive system. As a part of the body directly exposed to environmental cues, to nutrients, and to pathogens, it plays critical roles in health and homeostasis. Anatomically, the oral cavity begins with the lips, which open to the vestibule, the area between the cheeks, teeth, and lips (Box 1; Figure 1). The main area of the oral cavity, or oral cavity proper, consists of the tongue and the alveolar processes containing the teeth. Anteriorly, the roof forms by the hard palate and posteriorly by the soft palate (Figure 1). The oral cavity is protected throughout by a mucous membrane known as the oral mucosa, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and constitutes the inner lining of the mouth (Box 1; Figure 1).
Potential utility of nano-based treatment approaches to address the risk of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sohaib Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Ishfaq Ahmed, Tehsin Ullah Khan, Samah Shabana, Muhammad Arif, Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi, Chenguang Liu
The transmission of H. pylori from person to person can occur through saliva, and it might be spread out through the excrement of food or water, untreated water, poor hygiene, and crowded conditions that largely contribute to the prevalence of H. pylori infection [49]. In brief, it is more likely to be transmitted within the household conditions as it enters the body through the oral cavity and travels to the digestive system, where it infects the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, thereby causing inflammation at the targeted area. The most peculiar characteristic of H. pylori is to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach. It produces urease upon entering the stomach, which then reacts with urea to form ammonia and neutralizes the surrounding environment, consequently leads to the overproduction of the stomach acid (Figure 1) illustrates the invasion of H. pylori infection in the stomach that comprises of six steps; 1) movement of the pathogen through normal stomach lining (mucosa), 2) causing inflammation of the stomach lining (chronic gastritis), 3) loss of stomach cells and weakening of digestive system (atrophic gastritis), 4) transformation of the stomach lining (intestinal metaplasia), 5) initial stages of stomach cancer (dysplasia), and finally cause stomach cancer (gastric adenocarcinoma) [49].