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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Sternocleidomastoid is associated with multiple named accessory muscles. Coskun et al. (2002) report a case in which sternomastoid and cleidomastoid were accompanied by a “sternocleidooccipital” muscle, which had a single origin from the occiput and a split attachment onto the clavicle and the manubrium. This accessory muscle sent an additional bundle to sternomastoid. Platysma cervicale (transversus nuchae, occipital platysma) runs from the occipital region to the mouth or posterior ear region and may insert into the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Levator claviculae originates from the transverse processes of some cervical vertebrae and inserts onto the clavicle, sometimes inserting into sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Supraclavicularis proprius originates from the cervical fascia overlying the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid and the sternoclavicular joint and inserts onto the distal end of the clavicle or the fascial sheath of trapezius (see the entry for this muscle). Sternalis, a variable accessory muscle that extends from the sternal/infraclavicular area to the upper abdominal wall or costal cartilages, may originate from or blend with sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Cleido-occipitalis cervicalis is situated near the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, extending between the occiput and the clavicle (see the entry for this muscle).
Foot and ankle radiology
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Hypertrophic and accessory muscles, although common anatomical variants, are frequently overlooked during evaluation of images. Although most are incidental findings and typically asymptomatic, occasionally accessory muscles can cause pain, compartment syndrome and compressive neuropathy. The advent of cross-sectional imaging has allowed accurate assessment of these accessory muscles.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Qin Li Jiang
Neck and oropharyngeal muscle weakness is typically associated. Signs of impending respiratory failure include: Difficulty clearing secretions or swallowing saliva.Severe dysphagia.Head drop.Rapid and shallow breathing.Using accessory muscles for breathing.Low forced vital capacity (FVC) or negative inspiratory pressure (NIF).
A rare case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in multiple myeloma
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Louay Aldabain, Lyn Camire, David S. Weisman
On presentation to our hospital, the patient’s temperature was 35.9 degrees Celsius, heart rate was 78 bpm, respiratory rate was 35 breaths per minute, blood pressure was 88/42 mmHg, and O2 saturation on 6 L nasal cannula was 92%. The patient was lethargic and tachypneic using accessory muscles. He had evidence of congestive heart failure with cool and mottled extremities with reduced pulses. His labs demonstrated severe anemia with hemoglobin 7.4 mg/dL and platelets 102 k/uL, potassium 8.5 mEq/L, bicarbonate 17 mEq/L, calcium 6.4 mg/dL, phosphorus 13.2 mg/dL, BUN 152 mg/dL, creatinine 11.6 mg/dL, uric acid 19.4 mg/dL, and lactic acid 36.94 mg/dL. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular size with estimated ejection fraction of 50%-55%. The right ventricle was severely enlarged and hypokinetic with flattening of the intraventricular septum consistent with right ventricular failure and volume overload and moderately elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure.
Dyspnea in Parkinson’s disease: an approach to diagnosis and management
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Srimathy Vijayan, Bhajan Singh, Soumya Ghosh, Rick Stell, Frank L. Mastaglia
Careful observation and examination of the patient is important and may be informative. The presence of respiratory distress with tachypnea, use of accessory muscles and intercostal muscles and associated cyanosis suggest critical illness and the need for urgent referral to hospital. On the other hand, the term ‘sensory dyspnea’ has been used to describe the dyspneic PD patient when there is an apparent discrepancy between the lack of clinical findings and severity of the symptomatic complaint [25,26]. While examination of the extra-pyramidal system is routinely performed, assessment of the respiratory and cardiovascular system is paramount. It is particularly important to record arterial blood pressure in both the supine and erect position so as not to overlook the presence of orthostatic hypotension, which is common in PD patients and may be associated with orthostatic dyspnea.
A case report of gastric emphysema induced by noninvasive positive airway pressure
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2019
Fahad Malik, Natalia Lattanzio, Karen Veloso, Jay Nfonoyim
During hospitalization, the patient was found to be in respiratory distress with use of accessory muscles. The code status of the patient stated not to resuscitate or intubate. The saturation was 93% on room air. Chest x-ray at the time revealed an infiltrate consistent with pneumonia. He was started on empiric treatment with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam for seven days, methylprednisolone, bronchodilators, and non-rebreather mask with FiO2 of 40% for the treatment of hypoxic respiratory failure and hospital-acquired pneumonia. On hospital day 12, he was found to be in respiratory distress now requiring BiPAP machine. This machine was used for approximately 18 h. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was excluded by performing a CT angiogram. An incidental finding of portomesenteric venous gas was noted. Therefore, a CT of the abdomen and pelvis was obtained. This study showed large amounts of stool burden throughout the gastrointestinal tract and thickening of stomach walls (body and fundus) shown in Figures 1 and 2 (inset). This was suggestive of pneumatosis intestinalis and EG.