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Reading of Chest Radiographs Some basic Anatomy and Physiology; including Pleural Fissures, Mediastinal Lines, The Bronchi and Para-Tracheal Lines, Hilar Anatomy, the Pulmonary Lobules, Acini and Lung Cortex, Distribution of Lung Disease in Relation to Anatomy and Physiology, Basic CT and Pathological Anatomy.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Common anatomical variations include anterior segmental bronchus of the left upper lobe arising with the apico-posterior segment instead of with the lingula;segmental bronchi or groups of bronchi of an upper lobe arising from the trachea or from a main bronchus; - may be missed at bronchoscopy, but not usually at bronchography - may be supernumerary or part of an otherwise normal right upper lobe.Localised bronchial atresia (see p. 3.8).A sub-apical bronchus in either or both lower lobes.Occasionally the bronchial anatomy of the two lungs is reversed, as in 'situs inversus' (ps. 3.15 & 15.6), or two 'left lungs' are present - 'situsambiguus' (Landay et al., 1982).
Introduction
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
In a nutshell, it can thus be said that there are likely many different reasons why humans have anatomical variations and anomalies. It is likely that variations are more often cases of imprints of our past (Boyle et al. 2020) than are anomalies, because, as noted above, variations and anomalies can sometimes refer to the very same feature, but in general the former are not as severe as some of the most severe anomalies. Simply put, people can’t survive and be part of the common population with a cyclopia. Cyclopia is exclusively an anomaly, not a thing of our evolutionary past, and moreover—and likely precisely because of that—it concerns only embryos/fetuses in general and never a variation within the common adult human population. It should be noted that in this book we are interested in anomalies and variations after embryonic development, and therefore we do include information on fetal musculature, when available. There is much we still do not know, both about the specific developmental mechanisms and about the anatomical patterns, of muscle variations and anomalies. Much more work is done, and one of the aims of the present book is precisely to pave the way for such works in the future by providing an atlas of several variants/anomalies found in all body regions of current human individuals of all non-embryonic ages.
Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
As in any survival surgical procedure, but especially in orthopaedic surgery, meticulous attention to aseptic technique and appropriate tissue handling is necessary to minimize the possibility of infection as well as the experimental variables associated with exaggerated tissue responses to trauma. In many cases it may be necessary for the MD surgeon to become familiar with species-specific anatomical variations for optimal technical results. In addition, MDs may need to be educated regarding the species-specific differences that dictate which anesthetic regimens are appropriate as well as which postoperative medications and practices are suitable. Guidelines for training of personnel who perform surgery on research animals have been published and should be consulted.1,2
A novel knee joint model in FEBio with inhomogeneous fibril-reinforced biphasic cartilage simulating tissue mechanical responses during gait: data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Alexander Paz, Gustavo A. Orozco, Petri Tanska, José J. García, Rami K. Korhonen, Mika E. Mononen
Figure 2 shows that fibril-reinforced models simulated peak contact pressures comparable to experimental data obtained from cadavers under axial compression (Fukubayashi and Kurosawa 1980; Ahmed and Burke 1983; Huang et al. 2003). Anatomical variations in subjects, such as bone curvatures and menisci shapes, and setups among studies could explain some discrepancies. Differences in the contact algorithms between FEBio and Abaqus may additionally explain the discrepancy in the simulated peak contact pressures (Figure 2) and the contact areas during gait loading (Figure 6). In this regard, using the same areas in the postprocessing stage did not guarantee a full agreement since the contact solvers already used a different amount of area to distribute loadings, even for TI material models (Figure 7).
Daily dosimetric variation between image-guided volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy and MR-guided daily adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer stereotactic body radiotherapy
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Luca Nicosia, Gianluisa Sicignano, Michele Rigo, Vanessa Figlia, Francesco Cuccia, Antonio De Simone, Niccolò Giaj-Levra, Rosario Mazzola, Stefania Naccarato, Francesco Ricchetti, Claudio Vitale, Ruggero Ruggieri, Filippo Alongi
The actual concept of RT planning and delivery consists of computing a single treatment plan, whose dosimetric parameters are reported in the dose-volume histogram (DVH), which is generally used for the entire treatment course. During the treatment, the patient lays on the treatment couch, which is moved to match the daily prostate position to the original in which the treatment plan was computed. This procedure is not without uncertainties, given the fact that anatomy may significantly change over the days (i.e., rectum and bladder filling) and the CBCT image quality is generally lower compared to the diagnostic CT-scan. Therefore, this treatment procedure does not account for subsequent anatomical variations. A possible solution to reduce prostate positioning uncertainties might be represented by the implant of radio-opaque fiducial markers into the prostate, whose position is coherent with the prostate [7,8]. Despite being invasive, this procedure can represent a solution for prostate positioning, even if the problem of daily anatomical variation of rectum and bladder still persists. Recent research reported a low consistency between different treatment fractions and the prescribed plan in PCa SBRT, leading to significant variation in the real dose delivered to surrounding organs at risk [9].
Electrode estimation in the acoustic region of the human Cochlea
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Marek Polak, Artur Lorens, Mariusz Furmanek, Henryk Skarzyński
The distribution of the difference in measured and estimated angle seems to follow a pattern. The detailed evaluation of the CT scans highlights these patterns and may be explained by anatomical variations among subjects. Specifically, in three subjects the beginning of the first turn (starting from the RW) of the cochlea was S-shaped while the majority of patients (n = 13) had C shaped beginning of the first turn. This resulted in smaller differences of the insertion angle between the most basal electrodes or overestimation of the insertion angle for the most basal electrodes in the S shaped beginning of the cochlea. This accounted for the differences in the most basal electrodes up to 24°. Furthermore, in some patients a steeper rising in several regions of the cochlea was noticed, especially at the beginning of the second turn. This resulted in smaller differences of the insertion angle between the neighboring electrodes or underestimation of the insertion angle between the neighboring electrodes in this region of the cochlea. This accounted for the differences up to 24° (Figure 3).