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Electromyograms
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The human muscular system is a complex system comprising skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, with each type of muscle having specific characteristics (Saladin & McFarland, 2008; Kamen & Gabriel, 2010). The muscular system permits the body movement, blood circulation and posture of the human body (Kamen & Gabriel, 2010). Figure 4.5 shows the different types of muscles in the physiological system.
Teaching physical fitness
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
Progression refers to the gradual increase of overload in order to achieve continual improvements in fitness. As previously mentioned, in resistance training, strength and endurance gains should progressively overload the muscular system by (1) increasing the intensity of weight (resistance), (2) increasing number of repetitions used, (3) decreasing rest periods between sets, and/or (4) adding additional exercises for specific muscle groups. Keep in mind that rates of progression need to be tailored to individual needs. The goal is to achieve desired progress, while avoiding too aggressively increased workloads likely to result in otherwise avoidable injury and/or cumulative fatigue. A gradual, systematic approach to increasing exercise difficulty avoids exacerbation of pre-existing conditions, minimizes muscle soreness and unnecessary injuries and, as a result, helps encourage active, enjoyable participation.
Muscle
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Skeletal muscles are the organs of the muscular system and are attached to bones, which act as levers and enable the muscles to control body movements such as walking, making facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and breathing. Skeletal muscles are also responsible for the manipulation of objects, such as writing with a pencil or eating with a fork. Furthermore, movement of the eyes is carried out by several pairs of skeletal muscles. Finally, the contractions of certain groups of muscles, referred to as “anti-gravity” muscles, are needed to maintain posture and provide body support.
Vitamin D inadequacy combined with high BMI affects paraspinal muscle atrophy and pain intensity in postmenopausal women
Published in Climacteric, 2022
H. Chen, H.-W. Xu, S.-B. Zhang, Y.-Y. Yi, S.-J. Wang
Many studies have recently shown that vitamin D deficiency can cause skeletal muscle atrophy [12]. Age-related muscle degeneration is a relatively complex process involving muscle degeneration and FI; moreover, the musculoskeletal system in elderly people is more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency because the expression of vitamin D receptors in muscles decreases with age [21]. FI is another important factor leading to muscle degeneration; FI inside and outside muscle cells affects the function of the muscular system. Redzic et al. [22] studied 20 community-dwelling adults aged 65–85 years and found that the vitamin D status is related to intramyocellular lipids in older adults independent of body mass and physical activity. In addition, the serum vitamin D and vitamin D receptor levels decrease with age; this is accompanied by increased physiological muscle degeneration, with vitamin D deficiency and aging leading to FI of muscle and activation of proteolytic pathways. Moreover, the present study showed that women in the high BMI with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency group had lower physical activity levels, lower HGS and higher FI of PSMs than the other groups. Poor muscle strength is closely associated with low physical activity [23], and different activity levels may have different impacts on muscle strength and function. Indeed, the effectiveness of physical activity on increased muscle strength and physical performance has been proven [24,25].
A numerical study to determine the effect of strengthening and weakening of the transversus abdominis muscle on lumbar spine loads
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Katarzyna Nowakowska-Lipiec, Robert Michnik, Paweł Linek, Andrzej Myśliwiec, Katarzyna Jochymczyk-Woźniak, Marek Gzik
The results (angle values) were used as input data for a simulation of two static postures in the AnyBody Modeling System (AnyBody Technology Inc., Aalborg, Denmark), which uses a modified model of the whole human body (the so-called ‘Standing Model’). The musculoskeletal modelling method uses optimisation techniques, so it allows the determination of both reaction forces and muscle forces in different positions and forms of movement (Nowakowska et al. 2017a). Based on the assumptions of multibody system dynamics, the human motor system is represented by means of non-deformable rigid bodies (simulating the bones) connected by means of kinematic pairs (modelling the joints) and elastic-damping elements (representing the muscles). Loads which are exerted on particular segments result from gravitational, inertial and external forces, as well as the impact of the muscular system. The applied model of the musculoskeletal system consisted of 69 rigid bodies. They were connected by means of kinematic pairs whose degrees of freedom depended on the anatomic conditions of the joints. The muscular system was modelled using over 1000 linear elements which represented muscular activity.
Clinical assessment methods for scapular position and function. An inter-rater reliability study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Camilla Marie Larsen, Karen Søgaard, Henrik Eshoj, Kim Ingwersen, Birgit Juul-Kristensen
Evaluation of the scapular position and function is a fundamental component of the clinical examination of patients with shoulder pain and disorders. Evidence has revealed that some aspects of scapular position and scapular motor control are altered in patients with shoulder disorders (e.g. rotator cuff-related shoulder pain/impingement syndrome) (Ludewig and Reynolds, 2009; Struyf et al., 2011). The muscular system has been described as a fundamental component of alterations of both the passive positioning and active functional stability of the scapula (Cools et al., 2003; Lopes et al., 2015; Nijs, Roussel, Vermeulen, and Souvereyns, 2005). Scapular dyskinesis is a general term suggested to cover reduced control of scapular motion during coupled scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic movements (Comerford and Mottram, 2001; Kibler and McMullen, 2003; Mottram, 1997). Static evaluations of scapula are proposed to provide insight into soft tissue adaptations or postural changes, while dynamic evaluation of scapular function offers insight into alterations in scapular control and movement. Alterations in static scapular position during rest (arms at side) are suggested to be present if at least one of the following conditions exist: (1) excessive upward rotation (frontal plane); (2) anterior tip/tilt (sagittal plane); and (3) internal rotation/winging (horizontal plane) (Struyf et al., 2009).