China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
An A to Z of conditions that affect eating and weight in younger children
Published in Rachel Pryke, Joe Harvey, Annabel Karmel, Weight Matters for Children, 2018
Rachel Pryke, Joe Harvey, Annabel Karmel
There can be two main reactions: a mild reaction or severe anaphylactic reaction. In mild peanut allergy, varying symptoms come on quickly, with perhaps an itchy rash, tingling of the mouth, diarrhoea or sickness. In severe cases, the person may have facial swelling, difficulty breathing and even collapse. Both mild and severe reactions can happen up to six hours after eating peanuts, and even if only tiny traces of peanut have been consumed.
Uterine transplantation and lessons from transplant surgery
Published in J. Richard Smith, Giuseppe Del Priore, Robert L. Coleman, John M. Monaghan, An Atlas of Gynecologic Oncology, 2018
Giuseppe Del Priore, Benjamin P. Jones, Srdjan Saso, J. Richard Smith
Other lessons from transplant research can be applied to seemingly unrelated areas of medicine, such as randomized control trials on immunosuppressive therapy. For instance, organ transplant and immunosuppression therapy have been reported to significantly change a recipient’s allergic reaction profile. A recipient who is allergic to certain items, such as peanuts, may no longer be allergic after receiving a transplanted organ and subsequent immunosuppressive medications. Theoretically, a child with a peanut allergy could be treated with a very short course of immunosuppressants, and then over days repeatedly exposed to the allergen. By slowly weaning the immunosuppressant regimen, the allergic patients would become tolerant as they emerge from the induced immunosuppression. This is possible given current encouraging results in solid organ transplant-induced immune tolerance.
Food Allergy in Children
Published in Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan, Diagnosing and Treating Common Problems in Paediatrics, 2017
Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan
Peanut allergy has a prevalence of 1.6%. The proteins that trigger peanut allergy in North America are Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3, but in southern Europe they are Ara h8 and Ara h9. Peanut allergy typically occurs before 2 years of age, often with significant respiratory symptoms; however the source of the peanut is often obvious, in that the child may have had it as a snack. Peanut allergy often occurs with other atopic conditions including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Children with peanut allergy have a skin prick test of >6 to 8 mm to peanut or a peanut-specific IgE level >14 to 25 kUA/L. Children can outgrow peanut allergy and should be followed up with yearly IgE levels for subsiding reactions. In children with peanut allergy, asthma control must be optimal. Despite a significant amount of research, the mechanism that determines the severity of the peanut reaction is still poorly understood.
Evaluation of the healthcare resource use and the related financial costs of managing peanut allergy in the United Kingdom
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2019
Laura A. Scott, Thomas R. Berni, Ellen R. Berni, Jane De Vries, Craig J. Currie
Peanut allergy (PA) is characterized as an adverse immune reaction to peanuts via an immunoglobulin E (IgE) pathway [1,2]. PA reactions vary in severity and can be life-threatening[3]. PA is commonly detected in early childhood and, unlike many other food allergies, is rarely outgrown[4]. The prevalence of PA is estimated at approximately 1.3% of adults and 2.1% of children in the US [5] and between 0.22% and 1.74% in Europe (discounting prevalence of peanut IgE positivity of 8.58%, as on its own this criterion is not typically sufficient for a clinical diagnosis of PA)[6]. Prevalence estimates vary widely due to many factors including ethnicity, age group, location, study design and method of case ascertainment[7]. In a parallel study by this group, using the same health-care records databases as in this study, the prevalence of PA, in the UK specifically, was estimated to be 202 per 100,000 or 0.2% in the general population, and 635 per 100,000 or 0.6% in those under 18 years [8].
Epicutaneous immunotherapy: the next step for food allergy desensitization
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
EPIT demonstrates a high-safety profile, with majority of AE’s being mild and localized to the skin patch site. Topical treatment with corticosteroids and/or oral antihistamines was sufficient to relieve symptoms. Unlike OIT and SLIT, no persistent GI symptoms or eosinophilic esophagitis has been reported with EPIT treatment [12]. Concerning efficacy, OIT is superior compared to SLIT and EPIT. Efficacy of SLIT is limited by the low dose of the allergen delivered sublingually, and EPIT has a modest treatment effect that is greater in younger children [5]. In unpublished data from the EPIT phase 2b extension trial, it has been suggested that longer duration of immunotherapy might lead to greater efficacy [10]. Further reasons for the different response in adolescents/adults compared with children might be less permeable stratum corneum, smaller patch size relative to total body size and possibly less immunologic plasticity in older patients. In clinical studies, EPIT shows high rates of adherence (all > 96%) and a low rate of drop-outs (0.9%), most likely due to the easy-to-use patches and their limited side effect profile. So far, none of the therapeutic approaches have been proven to deliver a permanent cure of peanut allergy [13]. Combinations with other therapies have not been studied yet, but might be a plausible idea. Currently, VIASKIN® Peanut is one of the first products to reach development in phase 3 and assuming that the product is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the integrating of the product into clinical practice is expected by the end of 2019 [14].
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen powder-dnfp for the mitigation of allergic reactions to peanuts in children and adolescents
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Thomas B. Casale, Anne-Marie Irani
Although the term ‘food allergy’ refers to any immune-mediated reaction due to food, in the context of this article, the term ‘peanut allergy’ is used to discuss specifically immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity, which results in a range of outcomes from mild allergic symptoms to anaphylaxis and, on rare occasions, death [1–4]. It is the cause of the greatest number of emergency room visits for anaphylaxis among all food allergies [5]. Peanut allergy is a growing health problem: prevalence has been estimated at up to ~3% of children [6–8] and is increasing [8]. Peanut allergy typically presents in young childhood and remains throughout adulthood [1]. Boys appear to be more affected than girls, although a greater prevalence has been reported in adult women than men [8,9].