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Immunomodulators: What is the evidence for use in mycoses?
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Pathogen-specific passive antibody therapy has demonstrated efficacy in models of human fungal infections, even when humoral immunity does not seem to play a major role in the clearance of natural infections. For example, a monoclonal antibody directed against the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans helped to prevent death due to cryptococcosis in experimentally infected mice [65]. Such studies have prompted human trials of antibody therapy for cryptococcosis. An anticryptococcal antibody preparation was well-tolerated in treated patients, and it was associated with more rapid clearance of serum cryptococcal antigen than untreated controls. However, inadequate sample size prevented clear answers about efficacy [66]. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the C. neoformans capsule are also in human trials [67].
Immune Hemolytic Anemias
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Joseph P. Yoe, Ronald A. Sacher
Rh0(D) hemolytic disease is prevented by eliminating fetal antigens (RBCs) from the maternal circulation using passive antibody therapy. Rh immune globulin is given to Rh-negative mothers within 72 hr of delivery. It is also used in other situations that may lead to immunologic sensitization, such as amniocentesis, or following miscarriages or abortion. The standard prophylactic dose is 300 μg of Rh0 IgG given intramuscularly. In some centers, patients receive smaller amounts of more purified preparations intravenously. Faster elimination of Rh-positive cells from the maternal circulation and a lower incidence of failures have been reported with intravenous doses as compared to intramuscular forms of prophylaxis, but this has not replaced intramuscular therapy because of its higher cost. The intravenous preparation may have applicability in patients who experience a high sensitizing risk, e.g., large fetomaternal hemorrhage or inadvertent administration of Rh-positive cells to an Rh-negative women of child-bearing age. These antibodies destroy or opsonize the fetal RBCs in the mother’s circulation and remove the antigenic stimulus to the maternal immune system. All Rh-negative women who have delivered Rh-positive infants or who have had an abortion should receive Rh0 IgG within 72 hr. Even though the risks of immunization with abortion are less than those associated with a normal termination of pregnancy, they nevertheless are considerable, and subsequent fetuses may be severely affected. A dose of 50 μg may be protective in the first trimester. A protective dose of Rh0 IgG after amniocentesis should be given to all Rh-negative women unless the baby’s father is known to be Rh negative. The dose should be repeated in 12 weeks if she has not delivered or in 6 weeks if she has had further amniocentesis. Patients with massive transplacental hemorrhage must receive an additional 10 μg of Rh0 IgG/mL of transplacental hemorrhage within 72 hr. Every Rh-negative, nonimmunized woman should receive one prophylactic dose of Rh immune globulin (300 μg) at 28 weeks’ gestation, unless the father is known to be Rh negative. The dose should be repeated at 40 weeks if the patient has not delivered.
COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Asha Bhardwaj, Leena Sapra, Chaman Saini, Zaffar Azam, Pradyumna K. Mishra, Bhupendra Verma, Gyan C. Mishra, Rupesh K. Srivastava
In passive antibody therapy, antibodies against a particular agent are given to the infected person that provides immediate relief to infected person. In case of COVID-19, the source of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 is the serum of patient who recovered from COVID-19, i.e., convalescent sera [208]. Earlier, convalescent plasma therapy has also been employed for the treatment of SARS, MERS and influenza A virus pandemic in 2009 [209–211]. Recently, several studies evidenced that convalescent sera can be an effective therapy for the treatment of COVID-19. It is reported that treatment of 10 severe COVID-19 patients with single dose of 200 mL of convalescent sera markedly enhanced the NAbs against the SARS-CoV-2 virus [55]. Furthermore, Zhang et al. reported that all severely ill patients who received convalescent sera along with supportive care recovered from COVID-19 infection [212]. Convalescent sera administration improved health of the patients [213]. Food and drug administration (FDA) also approved the use of convalescent sera for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients [214].
Potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by human antibody heavy-chain variable domains isolated from a large library with a new stable scaffold
Published in mAbs, 2020
Zehua Sun, Chuan Chen, Wei Li, David R. Martinez, Aleksandra Drelich, Du-San Baek, Xianglei Liu, John W. Mellors, Chien-Te Tseng, Ralph S. Baric, Dimiter S. Dimitrov
As of early 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)1 has spread worldwide and became a global pandemic.2,3 Recent statistics showed that more than 3 million people were confirmed positive of virus infection globally, and the number is growing. Safe and effective preventions and therapies are therefore urgently needed. Before an effective vaccine is available, passive antibody therapy will play an important role in medical care. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are typically target-specific and nontoxic to humans, are promising therapeutics4,5 as COVID-19 interventions based on the experience from human mAbs against other emerging viruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and henipaviruses.6-8 More than 80 antibody therapeutics have been granted marketing approval and more than 570 antibody-derived candidates are being investigated in clinical trials.9,10 Here, we describe the potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by human VH domains isolated from a large phage-displayed library with a new stable scaffold.
Virus-like antigen display for cancer vaccine development, what is the potential?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Adam F. Sander, Pier-Luigi Lollini
Many anticancer vaccines were based on short MHC-I-restricted peptides designed to elicit a therapeutic CD8+ T-cell response. These vaccines had short-lived efficacy because CD8+ T-cells do not sustain a prolonged memory response in the absence of continuous antigen exposure and stimulation by antigen presenting cells [12]. Passive antibody therapy has shown to be an effective anticancer treatment modality and anticancer vaccine strategies increasingly aim at eliciting responses involving both the cellular and humoral arm of the immune system. This generally requires the use of multi-epitope vaccine antigens (comprising both class I and II epitopes) along with an optimal vaccine delivery system. In this regard, VLPs have gained increasing interest as vaccine delivery vehicles [13], although their full potential as immunogenic platforms has still not been harnessed due to the previously mentioned technical constraints.