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Introduction to Infection, Resistance, and Immunity
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Passive immunity can also be produced by serum or cell transfer. This is a medical procedure in which immune products formed by one individual are transferred to a nonimmune individual. Variations on the theme include the collection of peripheral blood leukocytes from an individual, their stimulation with antigens or tumor cells or cytokines in vitro, and reinfusion into the original donor with a view toward enhancing immunity.
Introduction to Vaccination
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nezih Pişkinpaşa, Ömer Faruk Karasakal
Immunity is the entire system consisting of specialized cells and tissues that protect the organism from all foreign matter and biological factors that it is exposed to from outside. The distinction between healthy and foreign substances is based on a complex system. There are basically two types of immunity in humans. They are innate immunity and acquired immunity. Natural immunity depends on inheritance, the active immunity that occurs after exposure to the antigens. Passive immunity is the transfer of protective antibodies formed by another human or animal to another human by injection. The immune system creates both passive and active immunity against antigens (Delany, Rappuoli, and De Gregorio 2013).
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
Passive immunity is part of the innate immunity or non-specific immunity and has no memory; it can recognise our own cells (self) or antigens, but cannot recognise a pathogen that has previously invaded the body. The foetus acquires some immunity via the placenta: this is called passive immunity and lasts for about 3–6 months; the main antibody which is able to cross the placenta is immunoglobulin IgG. Although the time period for providing this passive immunity is limited, it is important at a time when the immune system is immature. After about six months, infants are more prone to respiratory and gastric infections, and this is in part due to the loss of foetal antibodies before the B and T lymphocytes are fully immunocompetent.
Immunization, not vaccination: monoclonal antibodies for infant RSV prevention and the US vaccines for children program
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
The second problem is that passivity can be a poor proxy for having lower net value: passive immunizations can be better for individuals with impaired immune systems and can have comparable durations of effectiveness and net value as vaccines. Nirsevimab exemplifies these. The high risks of RSV infection in the first days, weeks, and months of life imply the importance of immediate immunity. But passive immunity compares favorably to active immunity in two respects. First, passive immunity gives immediate protection55, while active immunity typically takes weeks to develop28 leaving infants exposed to infection risk in the interim. Second, the immaturity of the infant immune system in the first few months of life implies that its immune response to vaccination may be “suboptimal and short-lived”25. This implies that passive immunity may be more likely than infant vaccines to confer the needed antibodies during the period of immune system immaturity in the first few months of life. Beyond infant RSV, passive immunization may have an advantage relative to vaccination for some patients with weakened immune systems incapable of mounting an optimal immune response to vaccination (e.g., in some children undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy56,57.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 management: an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Vivek P Chavda, Riddhi Prajapati, Disha Lathigara, Bhumi Nagar, Jay Kukadiya, Elrashdy M Redwan, Vladimir N Uversky, Mukesh N Kher, Rajvi Patel
According to Patrizia Cavazzoni from US FDA, ‘Vaccines have proven to be the best defense available against COVID-19. However, certain immunocompromised individuals may not mount an adequate immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, or those who have a history of severe adverse reactions to a COVID-19 vaccine and therefore cannot receive one and need an alternative prevention option.’ The dangerous coronavirus disease outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 forced scientists to establish the usefulness of the traditional therapeutic drugs, or discover new defensive vaccines, or passive immunological techniques quickly and efficiently. Passive immunity is centered on recapturing hyper-immune serum from convalescent patients or monoclonal antibodies with increased titers of neutralizing antibodies with elevated therapeutic potential, both of which have preventive and therapeutic potential.
The role of the placenta in drug transport and fetal drug exposure
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Placental transfer of immunoglobulins is of great clinical and research interest from several aspects: A variety of maternal antibodies are critical in providing the fetus and newborn passive immunity against serious human pathogens. Maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG), transferred across the placenta to the fetus during intrauterine life, is an important component of the neonatal immunological defense mechanisms against infection.The introduction of biologic therapy with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to the treatment strategies of many maternal immunological conditions has raised concerns around fetal exposure to agents that may affect the development of its own immunity and response to pathogens.Maternal autoimmune IgG antibodies such as those found in maternal lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, Hashimoto disease ext, may cross the placenta and adversely affect the developing fetus. Among the possible injuries are congenital lupus, fetal cardiac block, or fetal thyroid dysfunction. Often, they may also significantly diminish placental function and cause fetal death or stillbirth.