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Morphology, Pathogenesis, Genome Organization, and Replication of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Sadia Javed, Bahzad Ahmad Farhan, Maria Shabbir, Areeba Tahseen, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Marius Moga
In his study, Contini proposed two protease inhibitors for the cure of novel coronavirus pandemic, commonly used against HIV infection. Another hopeful therapeutic treatment of infections caused by COVID-19 is the recombinant human monoclonal antibody. In the treatment of SARS-COVID-2, certain monoclonal antibodies previously used against SARS-COVID can be used as an alternative method for treating infection [154].
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
However, scientists can select for the best survivors’ antibodies and purify them to use for monoclonal antibody therapy, or they can screen for or engineer new monoclonal antibodies in the laboratory, based on the ability of the antibody to bind viral proteins (Du, Yang, and Zhang 2021). Neutralizing antibodies, which include monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments, work by interfering with the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein, preventing it from binding to the ACE2 receptor and getting into cells (Jiang, Hillyer, and Du 2020). The National Institutes of Health (NIH), along with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), recommends the use of monoclonal antibody therapy to treat patients who have COVID-19 symptoms or who have been exposed to the virus and are at risk of developing more severe illness (NIH 2021).
Immunological Tests for Diagnosis of Disease and Identification of Molecules
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
A monoclonal antibody is an antibody secreted by cells of the clones of a single lymphocyte isolated from an experimental animal. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific because they consist of antibody specific to a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by cell hybrids which are made in the laboratory by fusing antibody-secreting cells with immortal cancer cells. In a typical process, a mouse is first immunized with the antigen of interest, then its antibody-producing cells are removed usually from the spleen and fused with mouse cancer cells. The cancer cells impart immortality to the fusion product, the hybridorna, and the spleen cell partner provides the ability to produce and secrete antibodies. The hybridomas are separated into single clones and screened for antibody production. The clones that produce the desired antibodies are retained, and the antibodies are mass-produced and purified (Figure 20.17).
Neutralizing anti-spike monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 in vulnerable populations: lessons learned and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
In subsequent phase 3 RCT, patients with at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19 were randomized to receive different doses of casirivimab and imdevimab combination or placebo. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19 or death through day 29. In the group that received casirivimab and imdevimab 2400-mg doses, the primary endpoint occurred in 1.3% (18 of 1355) patients compared to 4.6% among patients who received placebo (62 of 1341 patients); this translated to a 71.3% relative risk reduction in COVID-19-related hospitalization and death [10]. Among 736 patients who received casirivimab and imdevimab 1200-mg doses, the primary end point occurred in 1.0%, compared to 3.2% among those who received placebo; this translated to a 70.4% relative risk reduction [10]. In addition, treatment with casirivimab and imdevimab resulted in a significant reduction in viral load at day 7 when compared to placebo. The median time to symptom resolution was 4 days shorter among those who received the monoclonal antibody combination compared to placebo (10 days versus 14 days) [10]. These results provided further clinical evidence for the continued use of casirivimab and imdevimab for the early treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 among patients at high risk for severe disease.
Monoclonal antibodies used for the management of hemataological disorders
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Kanjaksha Ghosh, Kinjalka Ghosh
Some of the side effects of antibody therapeutics are common and relate to hypersensitivity reaction to a protein and complement activation. This side effect is universal and is taken care of by slow infusion, paracetamol and prior corticosteroid and anti-allergic medications. These reactions are immediate. Some reactions, particularly in malignant hematological disorders, depend on malignant cell load. Higher the load, more severe is the reaction. Tumor lysis syndrome as seen with chemotherapy may also be seen with MoAbs. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) due to killing or immune activation of cells are also seen with several antibodies. Antibodies which suppress immune function can precipitate various types of infections especially CMV, herpes virus activation, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Immune check point inhibitors in addition produce other side effects specific to endocrine system due to autoimmune endocrinopathies. Hence, for each monoclonal antibody, there could be specific side effects and hypersensitivity reaction. These drugs should be handled carefully and not only detailed knowledge and experience for its use is required but also understanding of so many biosimilars and new antibodies that are hitting the market every year are required. The package insert of each product should also be carefully read before using them. The safety and side effects of MoAbs have been reviewed elsewhere [24,32,107]. Antibody immunoconjugates produce additional and peculiar side effects [8,9]. Some of the antibodies have ophthalmic, cardiac, hepatic, and hematological side effects.
The use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and risk of hospital admission and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Chia Siang Kow, Dinesh Sangarran Ramachandram, Syed Shahzad Hasan
Monoclonal antibodies are a type of passive immunotherapy that could be an effective therapeutic intervention against a specific disease [8]. A monoclonal antibody is a laboratory-created molecule that mimics or improves the body's natural immune response to an invader, such as tumors or infections. Since monoclonal antibodies are engineered to target an important portion of the infectious process directly, they offer an advantage over conventional methods of antiviral treatment. A monoclonal antibody is made by exposing a white blood cell to a specific viral protein and cloning it to mass generate antibodies against a particular virus. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed even before the COVID-19 pandemic, where they are used to treat various viral illnesses, including Ebola and rabies [9]. Since SARS-CoV-2 utilizes its spike protein to bind to the ACE2 receptors to enter human cells, various neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been produced that target the spike protein in an attempt to prevent the virus from infecting human cells [10].