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The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Antiserum specific for a viral agent can be used to prevent the cytopathic affect of the virus in culture. By serially diluting the antiserum being tested, the titer of antibodies in the sample may be estimated. Procedures of this type are called virus neutralization assays. This type of assay is technically difficult to perform and is used only by reference laboratories seeking to differentiate pathogenic viral strains.
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Antiserum is most effective if administered immediately after exposure. It is not completely effective in preventing pulmonary complications, even with immediate use, but it reduces death rates if given within 6 hr. Specific toxoid immunization has not been developed because of the system toxicity of the toxoid and local necrotizing effects of its injection.
An Immunohistological Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Brain Tumors
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Hugh B. Coakham, Stephen P. Bourne
In addition, “new” antigens are continually being recognized by MCAs, as a result of being “selected” by the immune system of the immunized mouse. This avoids the biochemical purification of antigens necessary to produce a good antiserum. Indeed many of the new tumor-associated antigens defined by MCAs prove difficult to characterize biochemically.
Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Harnessing Herd Immunity for Malaria Elimination
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
The direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) employs the same design as the SMFA, with the exception that gametocyte-infected blood freshly collected from infected individuals is used in lieu of gametocytes grown in culture, to feed and infect mosquitoes. When used to test activity of antisera, infected blood samples must be pelleted and washed to remove plasma, which is replaced with test and control sera. Using this format, the DMFA measures the activity of vaccine antisera in the same way as SMFA, except the activity is assessed against heterogeneous parasites and polyclonal infections that better represent the diversity of field populations [93]. Care is required to ascertain whether oocysts that develop are those of P. falciparum, versus other malaria parasite species that naturally circulate in a community (and are not the target of P. falciparum TBV); a similar approach will be needed to measure the activity of P. vivax TBV against P. vivax parasites specifically.
The Antibody Society’s antibody validation webinar series
Published in mAbs, 2020
Jan L.A. Voskuil, Anita Bandrowski, C. Glenn Begley, Andrew R.M. Bradbury, Andrew D. Chalmers, Aldrin V. Gomes, Travis Hardcastle, Fridtjof Lund-Johansen, Andreas Plückthun, Giovanna Roncador, Alejandra Solache, Michael J. Taussig, James S. Trimmer, Cecilia Williams, Simon L. Goodman
Antisera contain a polyclonal mixture of antibodies of different specificities and affinities. An ever-changing proportion of non-specific antibodies generated from animal to animal causes inevitable inconsistency between the sera. The in vitro diagnostics industry mitigates this problem by immunizing in parallel a large number of animals with the same antigen to obtain a ‘gold standard’ antiserum pool. Affinity purification of polyclonal antibodies reduces, but does not eliminate, inconsistency from batch to batch. And because polyclonal antibodies detect a multiplicity of epitopes, a more defined antigen will lead to improved consistency between batches. Polyclonal antibodies raised against peptides and subsequently peptide affinity-purified, will theoretically have the level of specificity and consistency approaching those of monoclonal antibodies. However, the immunizing peptides have to meet size criteria (too small a peptide loses uniqueness of sequence; a length over 10–15 amino acids creates too many epitopes) and the amino acid sequences need to be unique to avoid sharing epitopes with other proteins. A lack of antigen size restrictions will result in cross-reactivity, like the anti-EpoR antibodies cross-reacting with HSP70 shown in Table 1.
Mass balance and metabolism of Z-215, a novel proton pump inhibitor, in healthy volunteers
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Ryoko Toda, Tomoharu Miyagawa, Yuka Masuda, Yusuke Hoshino, Kazuyoshi Yoshii, Masamichi Hirayama, Minaka Shibuya, Yoshihiro Kawabata
The enzyme involved in Z-215 S-oxidation was identified in an inhibition study of Z-215 sulphone formation in HLMs using a panel of antisera of anti-human CYP isoforms and control serum (Nosan Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of each antiserum on the metabolism of Z-215 to Z-215 sulphone, HLMs were incubated with antiserum against CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 (20 μL/0.1 mg microsomal protein) and CYP3A4 (5, 10 and 20 μL/0.1 mg microsomal protein) at room temperature for 10 min prior to the preparation of reaction mixtures. Control serum was added as required to adjust the serum volume in the reaction solution. The control sample was prepared using control serum in place of antiserum. The reaction mixtures were prepared and incubated with Z-215 (1 μM) for 10 min at 37 °C and analysed as described above.