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Management Control
Published in Douglas Brauer, John Cesarone, Total Manufacturing Assurance, 2022
Many machining processes and other manufacturing processes are controlled by computers, an architecture referred to as Numerical Control or sometimes Computer Numerical Control. While this is a well-established technology, new techniques are always being developed, especially in the realm of program generation, and it is wise to keep abreast of advances in the field.
Numerical Control and Computer Numerical Control
Published in Helmi Youssef, Hassan El-Hofy, Traditional Machining Technology, 2020
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the term used when the control system includes a computer. Figure 9.2 shows the difference between NC and CNC of machine tools. Manufacturing areas of NC, CNC, and direct numerical control (DNC) include flame cutting, riveting, punching, piercing, tube bending, and inspection. NC and CNC are particularly suitable for the manufacture of a small number of components needing a wide range of work, such as those with complex profiles or a large number of holes. They are also suitable for batch work. In NC machining, the part programmer analyzes the drawing, decides the sequence of operations, and prepares the manuscript in a language that the NC system can understand. As shown in Figure 9.3, the NC system consists of data input devices, a machine control unit (MCU), a servo drive for each axis of motion, a machine-tool operative unit, and feedback devices. The program written and stored on the tape is read by the tape reader, which is a part of the MCU. The MCU translates the program and converts the instructions into the appropriate machine-tool movements. The movement of the operative unit is sensed and fed back to the MCU. The actual movement is compared with the input command, and the servo motor operates until the error signal is zero.
Use of CAD and CAM and Its Recent Developments in Textiles
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Ashvani Goyal, Anil Kumar Yadav
CAM means the use of computer software to control machine in the manufacturing process. CAM is considered as a numerical control programming tool. The 2D or 3D models of components generated in CAD software are used to generate G-code to drive computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools. The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G-code/M-codes (Dwivedi and Dwivedi 2013).
Service-oriented invisible numerical control application: architecture, implementation, and test
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Lisi Liu, Yingxue Yao, Jianguang Li
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a method to control machine tools automatically through the use of a CNC software application embedded in a computer. Over the past six decades, on one hand, CNC software has improved greatly, especially upon machining precision and speed (Kief, Roschiwal, and Schwarz 2015). On the other hand, CNC software remains vendor-proprietary. That is, it seldom has standardised interfaces and often couples with a vendor-specific implementation platform tightly (Pritschow et al. 2001; Kief, Roschiwal, and Schwarz 2015). Users have no freedom to access CNC functionality on-demand, integrate third-party CNC modules into CNC software, or distribute/migrate CNC software to other platforms seamlessly. Moreover, CNC system remains working in a stand-alone pattern, that is, one CNC system-to-one machine tool configuration. And, CNC systems fail to interoperate directly (Liu and Xu 2017). Thus, users have to spend a lot on the purchase, installation, and maintenance of CNC systems. Overall, traditional CNC system makes manufacturers hard to respond to custom manufacturing economically and rapidly, especially since its renewal cycle is shorter and shorter, added-value and maintenance cost is higher and higher.
Enhancing cyber-physical security in manufacturing through game-theoretic analysis
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2018
Zach DeSmit, Aditya U. Kulkarni, Christian Wernz
To illustrate the game-theoretic concepts discussed above, we will use an example of a cyber-physical manufacturing system. The system consists of a design computer, a cloud-based data storage capability and a CNC lathe as illustrated in Figure 1. Engineers use the design computer to translate a product design into G-code files for the lathe. G-code is a numerical control programming language used in computer-aided manufacturing. The G-code files are then uploaded to the cloud-based data storage. When the lathe is ready for the next job, it downloads the first file in the queue on the cloud-based data storage and executes the G-code file to manufacture one or more products. The cloud-based data storage is secured by a third party, whereas the design computer and the lathe must be secured by the company that operates the cyber-physical manufacturing system.
3-D fabrication using electrical discharge-milling: an overview
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Mahavir Singh, V. K. Jain, J. Ramkumar
Different variants of the EDM process (ED-Drilling, Die-Sinking EDM), including the microtool fabrication techniques (Wire-EDG, Block-EDG, Wire-EDM), predominantly utilize a tool to create features with only single-axis control. If the movement of a tool can be precisely controlled in different directions simultaneously along with high-speed rotation, various complex 3-D geometries can be created, irrespective of the profile of the tool electrode employed. This basic concept has been utilized in the conventional EDM technique to create a novel technique called ED-Milling . It is also known as an electrical discharge contouring operation.[16] Therefore, ED-Milling is one of the resourceful techniques for machining complex 3-D micro/macro contours of different shapes by using a comparatively simpler shape tool. The concept of ED-Milling or more precise micro electrical discharge-milling (μED-Milling) process dates back to the 1980s, during the proliferation of computer numerical control (CNC) and four-axis servo control of the machine tools.[4] However, only a plate or frame tools were utilized to machine 3-D cavities. Further, a cylindrical shaped tool was employed for complex 3-D machining.[17] Chronology of ED-Milling evolution, from the use of the plate, frame, thin foil tools to the simpler tool for 3-D machining, is briefly exhibited in Fig. 1. The numerical control of machine tool enables a simpler tool (usually cylindrical) in the predefined trajectory according to the programmed instructions for the machining of different shaped features.[18] In doing so, it eliminates the necessity of an intricate profiled tool for the machining of 3-D cavities.[8]Figure 2(a) shows the schematic representation of the ED-Milling operation and tool profile before and after ED-Milling. It also shows two essential aspects of ED-Milling, i.e., reduction in channel depth at the exit and its taper (see Fig. 2(b)) caused by the longitudinal and side wear of the tool, respectively.