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Smart Sensors for Digital Agriculture
Published in Indu Bala, Kiran Ahuja, Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT) for a Hyper-Connected Smart World, 2023
This sensor determines the mass flow rate of air hence is also called a mass flow sensor. The temperature and pressure of the environment affects the air density. This sensor measures the volume of air but also compensates for its density. The sensor works based on the simple mechanism of the level of air pressure required for pushing a predefined volume of air to a specific depth. The variation is calibrated and hence providing an output. These sensors have been utilized for analyzing moisture values, soil properties, soil types [52]. These are used in general for yield quantity determination for more than two decades [53]. It works in the combine harvester part specifically of the tractor in combination with the other sensors such as storage unit, moisture sensor and a processor to generate a reliable output value.
Mass Flowmeters—Coriolis
Published in Béla G. Lipták, Flow Measurement, 2020
A typical mass flow sensor is shown in Figure 10b Part A. Its main components are the flow tubes, a driving mechanism for oscillating the flow tubes, and flow detectors mounted on either side of the driving mechanism for measuring the time or phase difference between the two sides of the flow tube. The sensor depicted in Figure 10b has two flow tubes. Although the previous discussion on the theory of operation only described a single tube flowmeter, all of the principles which were explained are directly applicable to a dual tube flowmeter. Since both tubes have fluid flowing through them, they are both being deformed by the reaction to the Coriolis forces. As shown in Figure 10b Part B, the tube sections between the inlet and the driving mechanism will always resist the driver, and the tube sections between the driving mechanism and the outlet will always assist the driver. The flow detectors measure the total influence of the fluid flow on both tubes. The majority of Coriolis flowmeters use a dual tube design, or a single tube bent to have mechanical properties similar to a dual tube design.
IPC recovery length of 45 minutes improves muscle oxygen saturation during active sprint recovery
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Afton D. Seeley, Kevin A. Jacobs
Following completion of necessary screening questionnaires, anthropometric data were collected including height using a wall stadiometer (SECA 216 Accu-Hite, Meyer, Austin, TX) and body mass and body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 570, InBody Co., Ltd., Korea). Peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) was assessed using an electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer (Monark Ergometric 829e, Vansbro, Sweden). Before testing, participants were properly fitted with an oronasal facemask (7450 Series, Hans Rudolph, Kansas, MO). Participants began cycling at 50 W for two minutes, with workload increased by 30 W every two minutes thereafter until volitional exhaustion. Each participant was able to select his/her own preferred cadence, as long as cadence was maintained above 50 rpm, and was provided instruction regarding the cadence/workload relationship. Power at peak oxygen consumption (Wpeak) was calculated to account for work performed in partially completed stages using: where Wlast refers to the power output of the last completed stage and Ilast refers to the increment increase in power from the stage prior during the final stage (Kuipers, Verstappen, Keizer, Geurten, & van Kranenburg, 1985). Expiratory respiratory gases were analyzed continuously using an online open-circuit metabolic cart (Sensormedics Vmax Encore 29, Viasys Healthcare, Palm Springs, CA). Gas analyzers were calibrated with gases within physiological range, and the mass flow sensor was calibrated using a 3.0 L syringe at multiple flow rates. Heart rate was continuously monitored using a sternal-affixed monitor (Polar Heart Rate Sensor H1, Polar, Finland).