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Animal Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
As per international drug testing guidelines, it is mandatory to know any toxic effect(s) of a new drug molecule before testing in humans, and a newly synthesized drug must be tested in animals to check for any undesirable effects. Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of drugs or chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments, and detection of toxic effects associated with drug or chemical consumption. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies normally conduct almost all their toxicological testing in animals. According to 2005 EU figures, around 1 million animals are used every year in Europe in toxicology tests, which are about 10% of all procedures. The toxicological tests are conducted without anesthesia because interactions between drugs may interfere with the results. Toxicology tests are required for products such as pesticides, medications, food additives, packing materials, and air fresheners or their chemical ingredients. Most tests involve testing ingredients rather than finished products. The substances are applied to the skin or dripped into the eyes; injected intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; inhaled either by placing a mask over the animals and restraining them or by placing them in an inhalation chamber; or administered orally, through a tube into the stomach or simply in the animal’s food.
Animal biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
all the toxicological testing in animals. According to 2005 EU figures, around 1 million animals are used every year in Europe in toxicology tests, which are about 10% of all procedures. The toxicological tests are conducted without anesthesia because interactions between drugs may interfere with the results. Toxicology tests are required for products such as pesticides, medications, food additives, packing materials, and air freshener, or their chemical ingredients. Most tests involve testing ingredients rather than finished products. The substances are applied to the skin or dripped into the eyes; injected intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; inhaled either by placing a mask over the animals and restraining them or by placing them in an inhalation chamber; or administered orally, through a tube into the stomach, or simply in the animal’s food.
Introducing NovaGenesis as a Novel Distributed System-Based Convergent Information Architecture
Published in Phan Cong Vinh, Nature-Inspired Networking: Theory and Applications, 2018
Antonio Marcos Alberti, Marco Aurelio Favoreto Casaroli, Rodrigo da Rosa Righi, Dhananjay Singh
The main question of FI design is: considering the current state of the art computing and communications technologies, is it possible to redesign the Internet to best meet our information society needs? Dozens of initiatives worldwide believe that it is possible [26–29]. Among them is the NG initiative being developed in Brazil. NG design started with a concept-driven survey on FI requirements, technologies, and challenges [15]. Based on this background, a set of promising ingredients to solve the identified requirements and challenges were chosen. In 2012, there was a search for synergies among selected ingredients for future convergent information architectures [30]. The results of this study fueled NG design, by defining a set of fundamental distributed systems where any information treatment or exchanging is seen as a service. The subsections below present the fundamental concepts, architectural design, and implementation details of the current NG version.
Evaluation of the HMA performance using combined effects of marble waste dust filler and superpave aggregate gradation
Published in Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021
Adamu Mulatu, Emer Tucay Quezon, Oluma Gudina
Preparation of asphalt ingredients such as aggregate, asphalt binder, and marble waste dust are started with quality tests. The individual ingredients of the mixture are tested in the laboratory to decide if they meet the specified requirement or not. Different material quality tests were performed as per set by AASHTO, ASTM, and BS standards. The quality tests which were carried out on aggregate, including mineral filler, were sieve analysis (gradation), aggregate crushing value, Los Angles abrasion, aggregate impact value, and specific gravity and water absorption test. Besides, bitumen quality tests, namely specific gravity, softening point, ductility, penetration, and flash point, were conducted to determine its quality.