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Evolution of IIoT
Published in Uthayan Elangovan, Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), 2020
Industrial process control includes monitoring and regulating equipment and systems; it refines throughout a multitude of industrial sectors. The role of the process control system is to collect and send information acquired throughout the manufacturing process. It is a simple product with a sensor, often called a main transducer, which receives an input, along with a controller that refines the input, and end in processed output with the help of receiver. The process control system performs efficiently, constantly, and also with as little variation as possible. The two most common control systems to regulate equipment as well as processes, dealing with the numerous analogs, digital inputs, and outputs, are PLC and DCS. The industrial control system is a multidisciplinary system, which takes care of techniques like control systems, communication, instrumentation, electronics, electric systems, and so on.
Demystifying the Industrial IoT Paradigm
Published in Ravi Ramakrishnan, Loveleen Gaur, Internet of Things, 2019
Ravi Ramakrishnan, Loveleen Gaur
ICS systems refer to different types of control systems and instrumentation needed to operate industrial processes. They are usually proprietary systems running on specialized hardware and software environments that are generally embedded in nature. An example of an ICS system can be the speed controlling console terminal for a running process plant, which can control the running chain speed of a process plant. SCADA, which is part of the ICS, are usually part of process automation systems such as process plants, conversion plants, and gas and oil pipelines and can help in opening and closing valves from a distance or generating or monitoring alarms or meter readings. SCADA systems have two distinct entities: one, the plant or machinery that is getting controlled and second, a set of intelligent devices integrated with the plant or machinery and having some set of sensors or controls thereby measuring and controlling elements in the first part.
Securing supervisory control and data acquisition control systems
Published in Abbas Moallem, Human-Computer Interaction and Cybersecurity Handbook, 2018
Nathan Lau, Hao Wang, Ryan Gerdes, Chee-Wooi Ten
National physical infrastructures are often operated by industrial control systems (ICSs)that heavily rely on information and communication technology (ICT). Specifically, industrial control systems of many sectors are built around the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architecture, consisted of communication network connecting servers, clients and embedded computer devices for automation, and operators to monitor and control the physical equipment. For example, water treatment, petrochemical, agriculture, and critical manufacturing facilities all adopt SCADA technology [1–3]. SCADA systems contribute to efficient operations of many critical infrastructure sectors. For example, the smart grid has increased prediction accuracy in loading shedding (i.e., matching generation to demand), which reduces 10% costs for utilities and consumers [4].
Application of machine learning at wastewater treatment facilities: a review of the science, challenges and barriers by level of implementation
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Sanaz Imen, Henry C. Croll, Nicole L. McLellan, Mark Bartlett, Geno Lehman, Joseph G. Jacangelo
As control applications require real-time data transfer, unless all the data streams and trained ML agents are hosted on a local server, internet connectivity will be required. While internet connectivity provides many useful services, such as remote connection, it also makes the industrial control systems (ICS) vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The ICS consists of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control system (DCS), safety instrumented systems (SIS), and other control system configurations such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Recent studies showed the advantages of applying ML algorithms for intrusion and anomaly detection in ICS [109]. Alhaidari and Al-Dahasi [110] showed ability of ML algorithms for determining the attack patterns and improving the framework of SCADA system against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack.
Integration of SCADA and Industrial IoT: Opportunities and Challenges
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
A. Nechibvute, H. D. Mafukidze
Industrial control systems (ICS) consist of computing platforms and associated instrumentation that control automation tasks in industrial processes. ICS technology dominates critical infrastructure and manufacturing industries and allows operators to monitor and control processes in critical industries such as oil and gas production facilities, electrical power grids, transportation, utilities, chemical processing, among others [1]. The largest subgroup of ICS is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) [2]. SCADA system is typically focused on monitoring and real-time controlling of processes and allows for distributed sensors/actuators and field instrumentation devices to be interconnected to controllers via well-layered network architecture. These SCADA systems are widely employed in virtually all heavy industries. They have evolved from somehow standalone monolithic systems to distributed systems that employ local area network (LAN) technology. They have further evolved to the present networked SCADA systems generation that rely on a wide range of WAN protocols, especially the Internet Protocol (IP) [3]. The advances in data-driven networked technologies, together with the advent of the disruptive patterns presented by the Internet of Things (IoT) are driving the evolution of ICS systems to the next level.
3-layer modelling method to improve the cyber resilience in Industrial Control Systems
Published in SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 2023
Daisuke Tsuji, Junya Fujita, Noritaka Matsumoto, Yu Tamura, Jens Doenhoff, Tomohiro Shigemoto
Industrial Control Systems (ICS), which consist of various assets (information components), are core infrastructures to monitor and control industrial processes. Examples of characteristic assets in ICS include Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Human Machine Interface (HMI). With the appearance of IIoT (Industrial IoT) or CPS (Cyber Physical System), modern ICS have actively adopted information technologies that expose a part of critical systems to the external network like the Internet to obtain the scalable connectivity [1,2].