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Mechanism of Accident Occurrence
Published in Koji Fukuoka, Safer Seas, 2019
Steps (1) to (3) are for product designers and manufacturers, step (4) is for the user. Users in the maritime industry include ship management companies, ship owners, ship operators and crewmembers. When a ship management company considers risk reduction methods, first, inherent safety design is considered; this includes either elimination, which is to remove people from immediate contact with a hazard, or substitution, which is to replace the hazard with a safe alternative. Next, engineering control is considered, which involves developing new equipment or modifying existing equipment in order to protect workers. These works can require the involvement of crewmembers or equipment designers and a dockyard. Then we have signage, warning and administrative control. Administrative control includes establishment and maintenance of safe work procedures as well as education and training of workers in hazard control. Finally, PPE must be worn.
Systematically Managing Hazards in the Workplace
Published in Barry Spurlock, Physical Hazards of the Workplace, 2017
Administrative controls involve taking steps to limit the worker’s exposure to a hazard or educate the worker to manage the hazards when encountered. Examples of administrative controls include training, work rotation, checklists, permits, and so on. As with engineering controls, the original hazard is still present, but an administrative control’s efficacy is dependent upon the human worker following training, work procedures, checklists, and so on. The reality is, though, that humanity cannot be detached from the work environment, and inevitably a worker may deviate, forget, or simply refuse to use the administrative control. If the employee’s only protection is a procedure he or she may forget or elect not to follow, then the hazard exposure is not mitigated.
Know Your User and Your Product’s Hazards
Published in Patricia A. Robinson, Writing and Designing Manuals and Warnings, 2019
If a significant hazard cannot be designed out or guarded against, the manufacturer must provide a warning. Warnings and instructions are called administrative controls. Instead of physically separating the hazard from the human, administrative controls depend on the cooperation of the human to avoid injury by following specified procedures for safe operation and/or wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Naturally, administrative controls are a less reliable means to prevent injury or damage, since humans do not always behave as we wish they would. For this reason, warnings should be reserved for “residual” hazards—that is, hazards that cannot be designed out or effectively guarded.
3D printing of musculoskeletal tissues: impact on safety and health at work
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Mauro Petretta, Giovanna Desando, Brunella Grigolo, Livia Roseti
To prioritize control measures, the team utilized the Hierarchy of Controls by categorizing and ordering in terms of Elimination, Substitution, Engineering controls, Administrative controls and Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE). Elimination and Substitution of the hazards source, while most effective at reducing risks, tend to be the most difficult to implement. Engineering controls are designed to provide the workers with a high level of protection. Administrative Controls concern personnel training, standard operating procedures, and supervision. PPE is intended as protective clothing or equipment (Hierarchy of Controls, 2019).