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Renewable Energy Integration Issues from Consumer and Utility Perspective
Published in Neeraj Gupta, Anuradha Tomar, B Rajanarayan Prusty, Pankaj Gupta, Renewable Energy Integration to the Grid, 2022
K. Pritam Satsangi, G. S. Sailesh Babu, Bhagwan Das Devulapalli, Ajay Kumar Saxena
Total system indices precisely are YR, YA, and YF. The final yield is defined as the ratio of the total ac energy output of the system to the rated nameplate capacity of the system. It is defined in kWh/kWp or hrs, giving the number of sun hours available at the output of the system. Figure 3.8 depicts the distribution of yields throughout the year. Output yields along with intermediate losses are shown in Figure 3.9. La is the loss in the PV array, and Lbos is the loss in Balance of System (BoS) after the PV array. All the intermediate component losses, used for conversion, between PV array and output (load) viz. storage, inverter, and other wiring losses are summed up as Lbos. The performance ratio is a major performance index as per standards IEC 61724. It indicates the performance of any PV system taking into account all the intermediate losses. Hence, Figure 3.10 represents monthly PR along with corresponding losses. Higher losses result in lower PR as seen in March, April, September, October, and November. However, since PR is defined as the ratio of YF to YR, it is observed that lower radiation (YR) months have higher PR during winter and rainy months. The reason for this is the near STC temperature and minimum dust accumulation, in these months, which in turn reduces array losses (La) and improves PR.
Hydrogen and Solid Carbon Products from Natural Gas
Published in Jianli Hu, Dushyant Shekhawat, Direct Natural Gas Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals, 2020
Robert Dagle, Vannesa Dagle, Mark Bearden, J. Holladay, Theodore Krause, Shabbir Ahmed
Commercial production of H2 and a carbon product via decomposition of natural ultimately gas will depend on process economics. Capital investment and operating costs will vary with the technology choice and scale of operations, but it is possible to set some target prices based on current information. The DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO) has set the cost of H2 dispensed and delivered at $4/gge (~$4/kg). The economic analysis presented below assumes the following simplifying assumptions: The selling price of H2 is $4/kg.The cost of CH4 (as the raw material) represents a certain percentage, x, of the total sales revenue. The value of x will increase as the production process technology matures. That is, higher yield to desired products will lead to improvements in energy efficiency and lower capital investments. Larger plants also will improve the economics through economies of scale. The product yields of H2 and carbon are the same and proportional to their ratio in the CH4 (i.e., 2 moles of H2 per g-atom of carbon, or 4 g of H2 per 12 g of carbon).
Integration of Biomass, Solar, Wind, and Hydro-energy Systems and Contribution to Agricultural Production in the Rural Areas
Published in Vladimir Strezov, Hossain M. Anawar, Renewable Energy Systems from Biomass, 2018
Hossain M. Anawar, Vladimir Strezov
Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on fossil energy resources, where energy has been used for crop management, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery production since the 1960s. Low-energy inputs can contribute to lower yields, while higher energy use contributes to higher output. But this relationship is not always linear, indicating that increasing energy inputs can lead to ever-smaller yield gains. The large amounts of natural gas and some coal are used in nitrogen fertilizer production that can account for more than 50% of the total energy use in commercial agriculture. Depending on the cropping system, the United Kingdom’s agriculture uses oil between 30% and 75% of the energy inputs. Food prices will rise with increase of fossil energy prices, and food production contributes significantly to anthropogenic GHG emissions due to dependence of agriculture on fossil sources of energy. Utilization of renewable energy with technological developments and changes in crop management may contribute to improved energy efficiency of agriculture and reduce the reliance of this sector from fossil resources (Woods et al., 2010).
Improvement in the environmental, exergy, energy, and economic performance of hemicylindrical solar still integrated with a built in active condenser: Experimental investigation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
S.A. El-Agouz, Emad M.S. El-Said
In addition, Table 6 presents a comparison between the results of the current study with those of earlier, comparable studies for thermal solar powered systems that have been examined in the literature based on daily water productivity, energy and exergy efficiencies, and the cost of producing water. The results of the HSS’s energy and exergy efficiencies show that it performs better than the earlier studied matrix-based SSs. The ability to meet the necessary yield demand in a cost-effective way with little energy loss is a huge benefit. The disparity in thermal efficiency between the present work and the related works by other authors, as seen above, can be solely attributed to the various configurations used by them, in addition to design and operating conditions, particularly the WH value, which has a significant impact on the performance of the SS. As a result, the HSS’s performance is commendable, and it is thought to be a viable small-scale solar-powered desalination system for desert or rural places.
A combined theoretical and experimental performance analysis of a grid-tied photovoltaic system in semi-arid climate : a case study in Ghardaia, Algeria
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Layachi Zaghba, Messaouda Khennane, Amor Fezzani, Idriss Hadj Mahammed, Abdelhalim Borni
The final yield is presented as the total AC energy output from the PV generator over a defined period of time (day, month, or year) divided by the rated power of the installation. It indicates also the time in that the PV system can be operating with its nominal power to generate and produce the same amount of energy as was recorded. It is an important parameter to compare our system with other PV existing It is given as (Al-Otaibi,2015; Kymakis et al.,2009a;Ferrada et al. 2015; Mondol et al. 2005, 2005):
A Solution for Power Crisis and Environment Pollution from Electricity Generation - A Study of Sub-tropical Regions
Published in Smart Science, 2021
Amit Rai, Ashish Shrivastava, Kartick C Jana
This paper aims to investigate the prospects of phasing out the thermal power plants in sub-tropical regions, to limit the air pollution caused by these plants. The solar-based power plant is considered as the alternative generating station for a replacement. The artificial neural network with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is employed to analyze the effect of API on solar radiation of these regions, which shows the mean square error of 0.0364152, and R2 is 0.66797. The PVSyst tool is used to analyze the feasibility of solar power plants for four metropolitan cities of India, in which Delhi has the highest energy production and PR estimation, which is 1,368,134 MWh/year and 76.5, respectively, with the COE of 0.03 EUR/kWh, for Delhi region. Moreover, the performance ratio and energy yield of the proposed solar power plants have an average of 76.05% and 1,167,447 MWh/year values, respectively. This PR of the sub-tropical regions is comparable to the established PV plants in different regions of similar climatic conditions, which shows the feasibility of the proposed power plants. Contrasting panels and axis controllers are also analyzed to estimate the energy production, which shows the CIS-based panel with two axis-controls is producing the maximum of energy and has maximum PR of 82%. The reduction in emission due to the proposed solar power plant is also quantified. The effect of PM2.5 on different technologies generation potential is also analyzed. With the above analysis, it can be concluded from the outcome that the proposed solar power plant is a feasible option to replace the Badarpur coal power plant, and hence in sub-tropical regions with similar climatic conditions.