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Chemical Conversion Process for Biodiesel Production
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Used frying oils and fats are currently collected from large food processing and service facilities where they are rendered and used primarily in animal feed, while cheap, may have some disadvantages because of the contents of high polymerization products, high free fatty acid contents, susceptibility to oxidation, and high viscosity. Therefore, pretreatment such as the use of adsorbent materials to reduce the free fatty acid content and polar contaminants may be necessary to improve the oil quality prior to transesterification to produce biodiesel catalyzed by a basic catalyst. Poor quality oils may inactivate the basic catalysts or even enzyme catalysts (Casimir et al., 2007). Grease can also be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. The most common types are yellow grease and brown (trap) grease. Grease which has levels of free fatty acids (FFA) of <15% is known as yellow grease. If the FFA level exceeds 15%, the grease is typically called brown grease (Canakci and Sanli, 2008). Yellow grease generally refers to grease generated from used cooking oil and other fats from large scale cooking operations such as restaurants and other types of commercial food service. Renderers filter out the solids and remove enough moisture to meet industry specifications for yellow grease. Yellow grease is currently used for producing livestock and pet foods. Prices of yellow grease are generally well below (sometimes less than half) the prices of soybean and other vegetable oils.
Biodiesel Technology
Published in Hyunsoo Joo, Ashok Kumar, World Biodiesel Policies and Production, 2019
Hamid Omidvarborna, Dong-Shik Kim
Common feedstocks used in biodiesel production include yellow grease (recycled vegetable oil), “virgin” vegetable oil, and tallow (beef fat). Recycled oil should be pre-treated to remove impurities from cooking, storage, and handling, such as dirt, charred food, and water. Virgin oils are usually refined, but not to a food-grade level.
An investigation on CI engine characteristics using pork lard methyl ester at various injection pressures and injection timings
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
Bragadeshwaran Ashok, Kasianantham Nanthagopal, M. Senthil Kumar, Aaditya Ramasamy, Deepam Patel, Sudarshan Balasubramanian, Sudharshan Balakrishnan
There are several studies have been found in technical literature that are related to animal fat/vegetable oil biodiesel for the reduction of environmental pollution through diesel engine applications (Geller et al. 2008; Gugule, Fatimah, and Rampoh 2011; Pang et al. 2017). As large amounts of waste pork lard are generated by many meat processing facilities across the world, it can be problematic to dispose these off safely so that these waste materials could be bought for very reasonable prices which will eliminate the disposal problems with further contribution to biodiesel production (Bhatti, Hanif, and Qasim 2008; Janaun and Ellis 2010). Different types of WPLs were used as feedstocks for biodiesel production are tallow (beef tallow from domestic cattle and mutton tallow from sheep), pork lard (rendered pork fat), chicken fat, and grease. Tallow is a waste final product obtained from slaughterhouses or meat processing facilities, while lard can be extracted from swine slaughter residues. According to Thamsiriroj and Murphy (2010), the saturated fatty acid content in beef tallow is about 45.6%, in mutton tallow is 61.1%, in lard is 39.3%, and in chicken is 32%. Consequently, the synthesis of biodiesel from waste port lards should be conducted at higher temperatures as compared to that of cooking oils (Ngo et al. 2007). There are two types of recycled greases on the basis of free fatty acid content: yellow and brown greases. Yellow grease contains free fatty acid content less than 15% (w/w), and it is collected from heated animal fats and vegetable oils which are collected from the commercial and industrial cooking business. Brown greases, also known as trap greases, refer to waste materials in which the amount of free fatty acid exceeds 15% (w/w). They are very cheap materials in comparison with edible vegetable oils and often used as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. By using these greases as raw materials, the price of biodiesel can be reduced adequately to make them economically competitive with diesel fuel. Though WPL biodiesel can be used in CI engines without major modifications, the combustion is not very efficient because the operation parameters of the engine have been calibrated keeping diesel fuel in mind. So, the operation parameters have to be tweaked to compensate for the difference in physical properties between pork lard methyl ester (PLME) and diesel fuel.