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Voltage Regulation
Published in T. A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, 2018
Utilities can use voltage adjustments as a way to manage system load. Voltage reduction can reduce energy consumption and/or reduce peak demand. The term conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is normally applied to mean full-time operation for energy reductions. Voltage optimization is often used to describe application of reduced voltages, system improvements, and voltage control. The term “volt-var control” is often used to describe reactive-power control in conjunction with voltage control, often including voltage reduction (EPRI 1022004, 2011). The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL, 2010) predicted that implementation of CVR on 100% of U.S. distribution feeders would reduce energy consumption by 3%, and implementation on the 40% of feeders with the highest value would reduce consumption by 2.4%. Based on models of 66 circuits in the EPRI Green Circuits project, median reduction in energy from CVR was 2.34%, with upper and lower quartiles of 1.69% and 3.13% (EPRI 1023518, 2011; Arritt et al., 2012). Most of the savings in this project was on the customer side of the meter as shown in Table 6.8. No-load losses reduce significantly, and load losses stay about the same.
PV System Protection
Published in Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari, Grid Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems, 2017
Majid Jamil, M. Rizwan, D. P. Kothari
The power failures can be of short or long duration and indicate short-circuiting, overloading, and faults in generation, transmission, and distribution levels. Power quality is an important factor in many application areas. Generally, the voltage events are classified as undervoltage (long-term variations lasting in more than 1 minute and less than 90% of nominal value) and overvoltages (long-term variations lasting more than 1 minute and greater than 110% of nominal value). There are different types of power failures: Voltage reduction in a network will damage the system's health and then leads to the malfunctioning of equipment.Voltage rise due to switching and lightning phenomenon.Blackouts are an extreme cause of power failures and isolate the network for a long time until the fault is cleared.
Associated Operations
Published in Anthony J. Pansini, Power Transmission and Distribution, 2020
Voltage reduction is usually accomplished by controlling the regulators on individual feeders or, as the case may be, on the bus voltage regulator. Voltage may also be reduced by controlling regulators at subtransmission and transmission substations where they may exist; in this case, the regulators on individual feeders or on the distribution substation buses are locked in place to prevent their negating the effect of the voltage reduction on the incoming supply.
Optimal charging of electric vehicles for cost minimization in re-configurable active distribution network considering conservation voltage reduction
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Shailendra Singh, Akhilesh K. Barnwal, Mitresh K. Verma
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) aims to reduce the power consumed by the electric load (constant impedance load) by lowering the operating voltage. The standard voltage range of secondary winding of distribution transformer is 230 V ± 10%, which translates into a permissible range of 207–253 V. CVR exploits this acceptable voltage range by operating the system near to lower limits for energy-saving without impacting the life of consumer appliances (Gutierrez-Lagos and Ochoa 2020). The efficacy of the CVR method can be quantified by a metric, which is defined as the ratio of the percent reduction in energy to the percent reduction in voltage as:
Design of high gain and high bandwidth operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2022
Shikha Soni, Vandana Niranjan, Ashwni Kumar
Operational amplifier (Op-amp) is one of the elementary structural blocks in the domain of analog and mixed signal designs. These circuits are primarily designed with the intention of availing very low input offset, quite higher output impedance in order achiever superior isolation. Higher order output voltage gain, current and impedances are the characteristic design parameters intended for the desired application. The operational amplifier has a variety of applications while designing switched capacitor array circuitries, phase-locked loops (PLL), data converters, current biasing circuits and low-dropout regulator (LDO), etc. (Briseno Vidrios et al., 2018; Maity & Patra, 2017; Marx et al., 2018; Sarma et al., 2018; Sutula et al., 2016). Moreover, the escalating demand in today’s smart technological world with the intention of designing energy-efficient systems fetches the requirements for designing particularly low-power, high-speed and area-efficient circuitries (Siddhartha et al., 2010; Yavari & Moosazadeh, 2014,; Abdelfattah et al., 2015). The supply voltage reduction also results in the decrease in power consumption. Although reduction in supply voltage is not a superior technique since it results in degradation of the dynamic range of the designed circuitries and hence they experience the issues related to limiting slew rate and limited bandwidth.
Identification of the Area of Vulnerability to Voltage Sags Based on Galerkin Method
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2019
Yongzhi Zhou, Hao Wu, Boliang Lou, Hui Deng, Yonghua Song, Wen Hua, Yijun Shen
Voltage sag is defined as a decrease in rms voltage to between 0.1 pu and 0.9 pu from 0.5 cycles to 1 min in IEEE-1159 standard [1]. The voltage sag occurs when interruptions take place in power systems, which may be caused by power system faults, equipment failures, or control malfunctions. For sensitive equipment, the voltage reduction will cause abnormalities or trips, which may result in huge financial losses. Moreover, the system interruptions may be preceded by the response of sensitive equipment to voltage sags, posing threaten to the safety of system operation. For example, the line-commuted-converter (LCC) based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems may suffer commutation failure faults, when voltage sag occurs at the bus to which the HVDC system is connected [2, 3]. To establish countermeasures effectively, it becomes an increasingly important issue to assess the performance of system voltage sag problems.