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Application of Green Technology for Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development
Published in Miguel A. Esteso, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, A. K. Haghi, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development, 2020
The first-generation or conventional biofuels are prepared from food crops on arable land, for example, biodiesel or ethanol produced by the transesterification of sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Second-generation biofuels are fuels produced from biomass of plant and animal origin. Third-generation biofuels are produced via simple economical reactions from algae in ionic liquids. Nonarable land biomass is used for the synthesis of fourth-generation biofuels. Examples of biofuels include biogas, syngas, green diesel, ethanol, biodiesel, straight unmodified edible vegetable oil, bioethers, and so on. Biofuels also produce air pollution. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, airborne carbon particulates, and so on are the major pollutants produced from biofuels.28
Fossil Fuels versus Biofuels
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Kang Kang, Mingqiang Zhu, Guotao Sun, Xiaohui Guo
To avoid the issue of food-versus-fuel, second-generation biofuels are produced from non-food sources such as dedicated energy crops and waste biomass residues. The second-generation biofuels are produced mostly from non-edible lignocellulosic biomass such as agricultural biomass (e.g., straws, grasses, husk, shell, seed carps, etc.) and forest residues (e.g., woody biomass, sawdust, dead trees, etc.) (Nanda et al. 2013). The processes to generate second-generation biofuels usually require a physicochemical, biochemical, or hydrothermal pretreatment to release the trapped sugars from the biomass for conversion to biofuels. This process requires more cost, energy, and materials compared to first-generation biofuels. Although the second-generation biofuels overcome the criticism of first-generation biofuels, they are limited in being cost competitive to existing fossil fuels. However, the technology for second-generation biofuels production is under development, so they still have the potential for reduced processing costs and improved production efficiency with technological advances.
Biofuel production from algal biomass
Published in Ozcan Konur, Bioenergy and Biofuels, 2017
Jonah Teo Teck Chye, Lau Yien Jun, Lau Sie Yon, Sharadwata Pan, Michael K. Danquah
The second generation of biofuels is produced mainly from nonedible lignocellulosic biomass. The chief feedstocks for this kind of biofuels include agricultural and forest wastes, municipal solid wastes, and manures. For example, second-generation bioethanol and biodiesel have been produced from Jatropha, cassava, and Miscanthus (Maity et al., 2014). According to Lavoie (2016), the second-generation biofuels have an advantage over their first-generation counterparts in terms of possessing significantly inexpensive supplementary feedstocks. Additionally, second-generation biofuel sources do not have direct rivalry with food production because the utilized plants are specifically grown for bioenergy production, are inedible, and ideally make use of infertile lands that are otherwise detrimental for food crop production (Aro, 2016). Nevertheless, the second-generation biofuels too face steep challenges in the form of technical difficulties during the pretreatment process and inefficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials due to their complex structures (Lee and Lavoie, 2013).
Investigation of the determinants of the consumption of biofuels by Greek consumers
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Paschalis Mouzaidis, Michael Tsatiris, Christos Damalas, Georgios Tsantopoulos, Anastasios Katsileros, Konstantinos Zagorakis, Chrysostomos Milis
Second-generation biofuels originate from residual vegetable oils, animal fats and waste, cellulosic plants and raw materials that are not used as food. The raw materials of the second generation of biofuels include residual and waste oily materials (carcass waste, acidic oils and fats) [3]. Also, their raw materials include cellulose-rich plants such as sweet sorghum, wild artichoke, fruit shells, and agricultural by-products such as straw and leaves [4]. Examples of second-generation biofuels are biodiesel, bioethanol, synthetic kerosene, synthetic diesel, green diesel, biogas and biohydrogen. The intention is to use raw materials that are not used in food. The main disadvantage of their use is that it involves the use of raw materials, water and land that would otherwise be used for cultivation [5].
Recent advances in conventional and genetically modified macroalgal biomass as substrates in bioethanol production: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Priyadharsini P, Dawn SS, Arun J, Alok Ranjan, Jayaprabakar J
Lignocellulose biomass has developed into a 2G feedstock in the face of inadequate 1G feedstocks to meet the rising energy requirements. The goal of 2G biofuel techniques is to enhance the number of biofuels which can be produced from sustainable biomass. The word ‘biomass’ refers to the non-food residues of agricultural crops, such as husks, stems and leaves, and to non-food crops, like cereals, switch grass and wheat straw [19]. Second-generation biofuels are produced by technologies including enzymatic processes, thermochemical and biochemical methods [21]. In the process of lignocellulosic conversion to ethanol, there are four key operating steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation [22]. Second-generation biofuels perform well in terms of environmental and social effects. However, their usage is limited by their lower net energy yield, problems related to transportation of feedstock, higher cost of the downstream process and minimal greenhouse gas reduction. Compared to 1G biofuels, the conversion of cellulosic raw material into renewable biofuel provides significant competitiveness but also technological and financial hurdles. The technological, economic, and environmental aspects of industrial-grade 2G biofuels are being investigated [16], but 2G biomass biofuels are failing due to challenges with scale-up and manufacturing technology in the time-consuming delignification process. However, studies have revealed enhanced capabilities of algal-derived feedstock for the formation of an upgraded biofuel, which leads to ‘third-generation biofuels’ [10,19].
A two-stage stochastic programming model for biofuel supply chain network design with biomass quality implications
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
Farjana Nur, Mario Aboytes-Ojeda, Krystel K. Castillo-Villar, Mohammad Marufuzzaman
Biofuels are an alternative to fossil fuels and have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Second-generation biofuels are included in this set of promising alternatives to satisfy the demand for fuels. Second-generation biofuels are produced from nonedible biomass that includes a variety of materials, such as corn stover, switchgrass, woody residues, and waste. The natural state of biomass is usually bulky and disperse, and therefore, it is not easy to handle and transport from the harvesting sites to the conversion biorefineries. Moreover, there are other biomass characteristics, such as the moisture and ash content, that impact the biofuel conversion process. Furthermore, the degradation or dry-matter loss that occurs along the supply chain affects the overall logistic performance. The physical and chemical properties must have a quality consideration for strategic and operational decisions.