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1-Proteins Prospect for Production of Industrial Proteins and Protein-Based Materials from Methane
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Hamilton Richard, Nizovtseva Irina, Chernuskin Dmitri, Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya
Methane-driven fermentation is slowly but steadily entering the industrial landscape, with multiple production plants being constructed between 2019–2021, including Calysta (U.S. and China) and Unibio (Denmark and Russia). While the economics of the methane fermentation platform remain deeply rooted in cheap natural gas, these industrial experiences highlight the technical feasibility of methane-based fermentation. The cost of alternative sources of methane, including biogas upgrading to renewable natural gas or methanation of CO2, will direct any future C1-endeavors. There are several pathways for implementing renewable sources of methane or methanol. Electrochemical biogas upgrading coupled with SCP production is a first step (Acosta et al., 2020). Considering that the electrocatalysis-driven CO2 fixation often comes with on-site oxygen production, a number of technological and economic advances of electrocatalysis can be forecast. The microbial conversion of C1-compounds depends on gaseous oxygen for respiration (Anthony, 1982;Kalyuzhnaya, 2016;Handler & Shonnard, 2018), thus the overall technology would benefit significantly from improving pathways for oxygen generation.
The Microbiology Associated with Biogas Production Process
Published in Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu, Advances in Clean Energy, 2020
Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a well-known technology for producing renewable natural gas, usually called biogas, from organic waste material such as livestock manure, food waste, and sewage sludge. The output producer gas is a combination of methane (CH4; 60%–70%) and carbon dioxide (CO2) including traces of other compounds. This gas is considered as a biofuel as it will directly be utilized for the production of heat and electricity, and up-gradation of this gas to around 90%–99% of methane can make it a viable fuel source for vehicles. The output of the up-gradation process is either liquid biogas (LBG) or compressed biogas (CBG). Compressed biogas is considered a traditional alternative. However, interest in utilizing LBG is gradually increasing because of its higher energy content, which in turn helps in long-distance transportation. Liquid biogas can be utilized in almost all applications where the LNG is usually used nowadays. The advantage of the gaseous state is that the up-gradation cost is lower than the injection cost of the existing natural gas network (Abu El-Rub, Bramer, and Brem 2008).
Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production:
Published in Farshad Darvishi Harzevili, Serge Hiligsmann, Microbial Fuels, 2017
Patrícia Madeira da Silva Moura, Joana Resende Ortigueira, Idania Valdez-Vazquez, Ganesh Dattatray Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Carla Alexandra Monteiro da Silva
The Ecoinvent database (Frischknecht et al., 2004) existent in commercial LCA software like Sigmapro is commonly used for fuel analysis. Specific software, for example, GREET (Wang, 2008), have databases of fuel life cycles for the United States. They include data as varied as H2 production from electrolysis, and fossil and renewable natural gas resulting from landfill and anaerobic digestion of animal waste. The WTW energy and emission benefits of fuel cell vehicles were assessed, and the results reported up to a 79% reduction in GHG emissions through the replacement of fossil natural gas production systems with renewable natural gas. Stationary applications, such as the production of electricity from biofuels, can also be compared with their fossil counterparts in the same life cycle thinking: definition of boundaries, functional unit, reference fossil system, inventory of mass and energy flows, aggregations of inventoried values to produce impact categories, and interpretation of results.
Microbial consortia adaptation to substrate changes in anaerobic digestion
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Priyanka S. Dargode, Pooja P. More, Suhas S. Gore, Bhupal R. Asodekar, Manju B. Sharma, Arvind M. Lali
Renewable natural gas (RNG) purified from biogas produced though anaerobic digestion of anthropogenic wastes has emerged as a potential replacement of petroleum based Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Lignocellulosic agricultural and forest biomass residues and municipal solid wastes (MSW) are among the abundantly available and potential renewable carbon sources for producing RNG, with biomass available in much larger quantum than MSW. However, both lignocellulosic biomass and MSW are chemically complex and heterogeneous substrates that are difficult to process. Attempts to develop technologies for converting biomass and MSW to motor fuels have not met with expected success despite decades of work across the world. Both biochemical and thermochemical conversions have been attempted but have proven expensive on account of the solid polymeric and recalcitrant nature of the substrates. The popular approach has been to adopt multistep technologies of one or the other kind, wherein the catalysts deployed often have been monofunctional e.g., acid or alkali for hydrolyzing biomass ester and ether linkages; enzymes hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages; or specific microorganisms converting biomass or MSW derived sugars or syngas or pyrolysis oil to products. In most cases the chemistries are simple but their engineering and scale up have proven difficult. Anaerobic digestion of biomass or MSW on the other hand involves diverse and complex biochemistries capable of handling complex substrates but has surprisingly proven scalable at acceptable costs.