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Emerging Trends in Nanoscale Semiconductor Devices
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Sobhit Saxena, Sushanta Kumar Mohapatra, Advanced VLSI Design and Testability Issues, 2020
B. Vandana, B. S. Patro, J. K. Das, Sushanta Kumar Mohapatra, Suman Lata Tripathi
This chapter focuses on the various technologies available, which will be of major attention in the coming years. This is due to the fact that the transistor size miniaturization has come to its saturation point. Also, these scaled channel transistors are facing lots of problems. The devices that are discussed have lots of advantages such as they are operating at very low voltages and hence consume very low power. Also, these can work in systems where high-speed computation is required. Some of the devices do not depend upon the flow of electrons for switching on and off the device but the spin of the electrons. These behaviors make these devices nonvolatile in nature and hence can store the data for a longer period of time.
Worked Example 2 – Passenger Vehicles
Published in Peter Stasinopoulos, Michael H. Smith, Karlson ‘Charlie’ Hargroves, Cheryl Desha, Whole System Design, 2013
Peter Stasinopoulos, Michael H. Smith, Karlson ‘Charlie’ Hargroves, Cheryl Desha
By optimizing the structure first, the mass reductions can be carried over to the propulsion system. The reduction would normally lead to a roughly 57 per cent reduction in power required to move the structure. Assuming that the conventional propulsion system generates 180kW of output power, which is typical of a modern 6-cylinder sedan, we would expect the Revolution to require a 75–80kW propulsion system. The low power requirement makes some currently expensive technologies viable. A particularly favourable option is a hydrogen fuel cell. In fact, the fuel cell-powered Revolution requires only 35kW for cruising and up to 70kW during peak loads,30 such as during acceleration, towing and driving up an incline.
Introduction to Power Semiconductor Devices and Power Electronics
Published in R. Krishnan, Entrepreneurship in Power Semiconductor Devices, Power Electronics, and Electric Machines and Drive Systems, 2020
DC power supplies are in applications starting from a few watts to a few MW. The low-power applications are in consumer goods such as cellular phones, laptops, iPads and small battery chargers, etc., and are of high-volume category. They all use one or other forms of switch-mode converter circuit topologies and the innovations are more in making the circuits with newer devices and realizations at the chip level with the smallest packaging size and lowest cost. From a few tens of watts to MW dc power supplies, both uncontrolled and some controlled, are found in variable-speed motor drives. They use, say, diode rectifiers, or SCR converters or power factor correcting converters.
Design considerations and optimisation of clock circuit for ultra-low power sub-threshold applications
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2018
R. A. Walunj, S. D. Pable, G. K. Kharate
In today’s era of miniaturisation and portable electronics, elevating power density has emerged as a critical issue. In order to resolve this issue, researchers have suggested various methods. But lowering the supply voltage (VDD) is the most popular method to achieve low power since, it quadratically reduces the dynamic power consumption (Paul, Agarwal, and Roy 2006). The extreme case of VDD reduction is the sub-threshold operation of the device, where supply voltage is scaled below threshold voltage. Sub-threshold regime quenches the ultra-low power (ULP) demand, but at the cost of degraded performance and magnified variability. Sub-threshold circuits are great source of attraction for multitude of applications such as wireless sensor nodes, pace makers, RFID tags, wrist watches where the power consumption is a primary concern whereas performance is of secondary importance. Since clock system is the most power hungry circuit, the design of ultra-low power clock system has a great potential to reduce the overall power consumption of a system. Thus the challenges in designing a ultra-low power clock, in presence of degraded performance and magnified variability in sub-threshold regime, needs to be investigated. This paper therefore explores the impact of voltage scaling on performance and stability of ultra-low power clock system.
Communication method for manufacturing services in a cyber–physical manufacturing cloud
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2018
S. M. Nahian Al Sunny, Xiaoqing F. Liu, Md Rakib Shahriar
A Raspberry Pi (RPi) works as a controller where the adapter and agent programs of corresponding machine are deployed. Using a RPi offers several advantages. One advantage is its low cost, small size and low power consumption rate. The newest RPis contain enough memory space to provide adequate buffer storage needed by the agent to hold data. It has enough computation power to run multiple agent and adapter programs for several machines simultaneously. For simplicity one RPi has been used for one machine in the testbed. Besides it provides a unique scalable and plug-n-play feature to the system. A new machine can be added to the CPMC system just by connecting it to an RPi where the adapter and agent for that machine is deployed. The RPi also supports various types of standard communication interface such as USB, Serial I/O, Ethernet, Bluetooth and Wifi. In the testbed, the robotic arms are connected to the RPi via Bluetooth, the Core XZ is connected through a network card and the rest are connected via USB.
Optimal design and experimental validation long-lasting, low loss transformer for low power renewable energy system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Low power transformers are needed for efficient transmission and distribution of electricity in renewable energy systems. In this study, small-scale single-phase transformer is designed based on optimum efficiency and winding size with FA which is one of the most widely used swarm-based optimization methods in the literature in recent years. The electromagnetic transient analysis of the transformer is done by ANSYS Maxwell program. Both analysis and experimental results show that the windings temperature remained optimum level during the 1.5 times loading. It is known that the windings are overheated at the overload condition so the life of the transformer is shortened. A longer-life single-phase transformer model has been introduced thanks to this study.