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Silicon nanopowder synthesis by inductively coupled plasma as anode for high-energy Li-ion batteries
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, 2017
Dominic Leblanc, Richard Dolbec, Abdelbast Guerfi, Jiayin Guo, Pierre Hovington, Maher Boulos, Karim Zaghib
The influence of silicon particle size on anode performances was investigated. Two composite electrodes were fabricated using micro-Si powder prepared by dry mechanical milling (Figure 20.21a) and nano-Si powder prepared in a plasma (Figure 20.21b). The two silicon powders were mixed with acetylene carbon black and sodium alginate to produce an electrode that was assembled with a separator and lithium foil anode in a button cell (Leblanc et al. 2015b). The electrolyte was composed of 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (7:3 by volume) with the addition of 2 V% of vinylene carbonate (VC). The cells were galvanostatically charged and discharged at 25°C using a potentiostat at a C/24 rate for formation cycles over the voltage range of 0.005–1.0 V versus Li/Li+. The theoretical maximum capacity (C) of the button cell was calculated from the active material loading in the electrodes (2.3 mg cm−2):
Human++: Emerging Technology for Body Area Networks
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Wireless Technologies, 2017
Bert Gyselinckx, Raffaella Borzi, Philippe Mattelaer
The power layer contains a small button cell battery such as a V6HR. Since these NiMH cells offer a voltage of approximately 1.2 V, two cells in series are required. In next generation, a move will be made to a more integrated solution making use of thin film Li-ion microbatteries. Since these will offer a capacity below 1 mAh, the power consumption of the system will have to be radically reduced to keep the current lifetime of the system. This will be achieved through integrating lower power integrated circuits (ICs). As a complementary approach, also introduced will be the power scavengers discussed in the section “Micropower Generation and Storage” that can recharge the battery continuously.
The Power of Light
Published in Denise Wilson, Wearable Solar Cell Systems, 2019
However, the displacement of fossil fuels through wearable energy harvesting systems is only one piece of the environmental impact puzzle. At present, wearables and portables rely heavily on rechargeable batteries based on lithium and single-use batteries based on alkaline, silver oxide, lithium, and zinc air chemistries. The demand for these batteries is skyrocketing as the number of portables and wearables proliferates. The environmental impact of supporting this uptick in battery demand is profound. Billions of single-use batteries are disposed of every year. A majority of these single-use batteries are alkaline that some argue can cost more in environmental terms to recycle than to leave in a landfill. But, placing these billions of batteries in landfills also has more impact on marine, freshwater, and terrestrial toxicity than recycling them (Xará, Almeida, and Costa 2015), and certainly more environmental cost and natural resource depletion than not producing them at all. Compounding the sheer volume of relatively benign alkaline batteries are a host of small button and coin cell batteries that are not alkaline, and due to their size, end up in waste streams headed for the landfill anyway. Button cell batteries, such as those based on silver oxide and zinc, may still contain small amounts of mercury, a heavy metal that was prohibited in the United States in all but button cell batteries by the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996. The bottom line is that almost all of the energy demanded by these small, single-use batteries can, with proper charging strategies and system design, be supplied by rechargeable or wearable energy systems that, in turn, can drastically reduce the negative environmental impacts of wearables and portables.
Solid oxide fuel cells fueled by carbonaceous fuels: A thermodynamics-based approach for safe operation and experimental validation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Rakesh Narayana Sarma, Anand M. Shivapuji, Dasappa Srinivasaiah
The present research is carried out on a 25 mm diameter electrolyte-supported button cell (NextCell-HP make). The membrane-electrode assembly structure is presented in Figure 1 (a). It has a multi-layered anode and cathode, a Scandia-based electrolyte, has a part of Ni substituted by Co on the anode, making it a novel cell that could potentially provide good performance. The nominal thickness of multi-layered anode is 30 μm, electrolyte is 150 μm, multi-layered cathode is 30 μm, as shown in Figure 1 (a). This advanced cell could potentially combine the benefits of YSZ, which is a good ionic conductor, ceria-based SDC, which is less prone to carbon deposition, and the catalytic activity of Ni and Co, which could result in better reforming, while potentially providing a safer operating condition. The tests are conducted using Ni mesh as anode current collector, Pt mesh as cathode current collector, three mica sheets for sealing. Pure H2 and simulated syngas are used for the tests by utilizing standard gas cylinders containing H2, CO, argon, and air with an indigenously built test station. The SOFC test rig established at Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru has a furnace with heating and temperature control, jig, loading mechanism for the jig, electrical loads, datalogger, gas flow lines with pressure regulators and mass flow controllers, humidification system, gas cylinder bank, and K-type thermocouples. Figure 1 (b) presents a schematic to show the arrangement of the cell. Figure 1 (c) shows the schematic diagram of the SOFC test rig.
Modeling and optimizing of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with gradient anode: Part I. Model description and validation by experiments
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2019
Pei Fu, Xionghui Li, Jian Chen, Jian Yang, Jianbing Huang, Qiuwang Wang
After the cell tests, the BSE image of the polished gradient anode SOFC cross section is obtained as shown in Figure 3. It is apparent to see the cell is composed of a porous cathode layer, a dense electrolyte and a gradient anode. To exactly distinguish each layer thickness, the gray value distribution along the cell thickness is also shown in Figure 3. The approximate thickness distribution of each layer can be determined according to the change of gray value distribution curve from Figure 3. By calculating the slope of the gray value curve, the local maximum slope is selected as the exact dividing line of each layer. Each component thickness of the gradient anode SOFC button cell is listed in Table 1. The result shows that the gradient anode button cell tested in this work is composed of five layers: a cathode layer (57.5 µm), an electrolyte layer (8.5 µm), an AFL2 (29.0 µm), an AFL1 (59.0 µm), and an ASL (646.0 µm). The total thickness of the button cell is 800.0 µm.