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Future Prospects of Intense Laser-Driven Ion Beams for Diagnostics of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Yoshiaki Kato, Zenpachi Ogumi, José Manuel Perlado Martín, Lithium-Ion Batteries, 2019
Shunsuke Inoue, Masaki Hashida, Shuji Sakabe
The recent development of ultrashort high-power laser systems has been encouraging the study of intense laser matter interactions to explore the potential for many attractive applications, for example, charged-particle acceleration [1–3], fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion [4, 5], ultrafast electron diffraction measurement [6, 7], time-resolved X-ray proving [8, 9], laser-driven nuclear physics [10], and laboratory astrophysics [11]. The acceleration of multi-mega–electron volt protons through the interaction of an ultraintense laser pulse with a thin foil is one of the most interesting research issues because of the compactness and unique characteristics of proton beams. The mechanism of proton acceleration is called target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) [12, 13]. First at the front surface of the foil, target electrons are accelerated to high energy by an intense laser pulse, pass through the target without collision in the target plasma, and are emitted into vacuum. Consequently, at the rear surface of the target, an ultrahigh electric field (sheath field) is generated. This electrostatic field is considered to be ~1012 V/m in strength [13] and as short as an incident laser pulse in duration [14]. The sheath field ionizes atoms (for instance hydrogen) and accelerates the ions (protons) normal to the target surface in a small (typically about 1 to 10 µm) area [12, 13]. The proton beam generation by the TNSA has been intensively studied because the hydrogen atoms are abundantly included in any target foils and the lightest to be accelerated. In what follows, we describe “protons” for ions. The emittance of the energetic proton beam is mainly determined by the shape of the target, and ultralow emittance has been observed [15–17]. The emitted proton beam is additionally accelerated at the plasma expansion front [17, 18]. More than 1013 particles of energetic protons are observed in the energy of >10 MeV by a single laser pulse and the maximum observed energy is 58 MeV [2] at this moment. These remarkable features (ultralow emittance, high particle numbers per bunch, and short pulse duration) are offering many attractive applications, such as proton radiography [18, 19], high-energy-density matter [20], cancer therapy [21], and proton fast ignition [22].
Cycloaddition of molecular dinitrogens: formation of tetrazete anion (N4-; D2h) through associative electron attachment
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Hence, tetrazete is predicted to be a good candidate for the use as an environment-friendly high energy density matter (HEDM) and novel strategies have been highly sought after for its chemical synthesis. However, because of the short lifetime of N species, which is in excess of 1 μs [6], the conventional chemical or physiochemical methods are not useful for their chemical synthesis from the molecular dinitrogen reagents. The pericyclic cycloaddition of molecular dinitrogens (N) producing tetrazete is also not feasible because of a reaction path characterised with multiply forbidden electronic reorganisation.