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Operability
Published in S. Can Gülen, Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plants, 2019
The grid code is a technical document containing the rules governing the operation, maintenance and development of the transmission system. Its purpose is to safeguard the electric power system and ensure reliable delivery of electric power to the end users. Technical power plant design and operational aspects specified by a grid code include Quality of electricity supply (e.g., voltage and frequency variation)Equipment protection (e.g., loss of excitation and pole slips)Generator specification (e.g., power factor, short circuit ratio and automatic voltage regulation)Metering and monitoring of electric power.
An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
Published in Ramesh Bansal, Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment, 2019
A grid code is a technical requirement that power stations, consumers, distribution and transmission systems which are connected to the public power networks must meet as measures to guarantee safe, reliable and economic operation of the power system. The grid code is compiled by the regulating body that is in charge of the power system operation and integrity. At times, a grid code specifies the required parameters of the power system such as power factor limits, control function requirements, reliability benchmarks, voltage regulation, frequency response, power quality, reactive power capability, voltage control functions, protection and fault levels, etc. The electricity network of each country is managed and governed according to grid code prepared by the regulatory body of each country. Hence, the grid code of each country lays the stringent requirements and network performance indicators that must be complied with accordingly.
Keeping the lights on in the 1990s and beyond
Published in Frank Ledger, Howard Sallis, Crisis Management in the Power Industry, 2017
Transmission system development in England and Wales remains centrally planned and managed by the National Grid Company who should be able to oversee generating capacity and consumer demand trends. The planned development of transmission should not be hampered by lack of a strategic perspective, but for the following reasons it is not possible to have a power system development strategy. Although the National Grid Company can guide generating companies, it cannot refuse to connect a generator to the grid system, provided that the generator meets a number of requirements of which compliance with grid code standards is the most important.7 The National Grid Company cannot compel a generator to remain in service. This can lead to problems from short notice of generation closures or from generation developments being difficult to support with the necessary new transmission lines. The latter is most likely to occur in environmentally difficult areas and there are many such areas. The public’s perception of the need for new lines may be even more difficult to influence in the private sector era than it was when the public interest could more readily be argued.
Comprehensive investigation on doubly fed induction generator-Wind farms at fault ride through capabilities: technical difficulties and improvisations
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Preeti Verma, Seethalekshmi K, Bharti Dwivedi
Increasing demand for electricity, global warming, and an excessive amount of carbon emission encourages renewable generation via solar and wind generation systems. These generation systems reduce air pollution and drastic climate change. Therefore, there is an acute need for uncontaminated, cost-effective, indigenous, and reliable generation source around the globe. Wind power generation has been proven as the best source in terms of price, performance, and reliability. Variable speed Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-Wind Turbine (WT) is a highly acceptable wind generation system in comparison to other generating systems and it is effectively involved in the wind energy green era. The presence of DFIG-WT creates transient stability issue in the interconnected power system. Transient stability is affected under a variety of conditions like the voltage sag, the fault clearing time, the load, and the wind power-penetration level (Chowdhury et al. 2015).The high penetration of wind energy offers critical challenges to grid security and stability. It also affects the Center of Inertia (COI) of the integrated system by which frequency instability can also occur in the system (Liu, Li, and Zhou 2016). The power imbalance problems are produced by the variability and intermittency of wind power. Dynamically varying load demands are responsible for a power imbalance. Apart from this, DFIGs are more sensitive during a fault situation. It is required that DFIG must be connected to the grid at fault situation and fulfill the requirement of active and reactive power. DFIG WTs must be equipped with advanced switchgears and isolators to ensure its reliable operation during transient events. Therefore, in order to ensure grid stability and consumer power quality, a number of definite technical regulations have been outlined under the Grid Code Requirements (GCRs). Fundamentally, the grid code incorporates reactive power control, active power control (to regulate the voltage), power quality, Fault Ride Through (FRT) operation, flickering, harmonic oscillations and power system protection, etc. The disturbance in the power system causes these wind power generation units to disconnect suddenly and become unstable. Improvement in FRT capability is a special concern in grid codes. FRT capability is a wide class involving Zero Voltage Ride-Through (ZVRT), Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT), and High-Voltage Ride Through (HVRT) (Liu, Li, and Zhou 2016). Therefore, investigation of transient stability problems and enhancement has become a new interest of research.