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Control Strategies for Active Filters
Published in L. Ashok Kumar, S. Albert Alexander, Computational Paradigm Techniques for Enhancing Electric Power Quality, 2018
L. Ashok Kumar, S. Albert Alexander
In recent times, due to the increased use of reactive power, it is important to bill the electrical power consumption based on both the active and reactive power components. Reactive power is a very significant factor in electric power systems since it affects the efficiency of these systems. For this reason, the measurement of reactive energy is also important. Several methods are used to measure reactive power. Reactive energy meters provide accurate measurement only if the input is fundamental, because meters are constructed for operating under sinusoidal conditions. Due to the widespread use of nonlinear loads and natural disturbances such as lightning, the power quality of the waveforms is considerably deteriorated. As the corrupted waveforms are composed of non-stationary components, in order to estimate the true reactive power of the power system fundamental component, a time-frequency analysis is required.
Prerequisite Concepts
Published in J. Lawrence, P.E. Vogt, Electricity Pricing, 2017
Reactive power is the component associated with the cyclical storage of energy in the magnetic fields of inductors and the electrostatic fields of capacitors and then the subsequent return of the energy to the circuit. This oscillation of energy is a result of the time-variation in the voltages and the currents in an AC circurt. Unlike real power, reactive power is not associated with performing work; therefore, reactive power is not converted to any other form of power. But the reactive power requirements of complex impedance devices do contribute to the overall loading of a power system’s conductors and other facilities, such as transformers. The basic unit of reactive power is volt-amperes reactive (VAR). The reactive power component is determined by
6 Power Factor
Published in C. Sankaran, Power Quality, 2017
In simple terms, power factor correction means reduction of lagging reactive power (Q) or lagging reactive current (IQ). Consider Figure 6.5. The source V supplies the resistive/inductive load with impedance (Z): Z=R+jωLI=V/Z=V/(R+jωL)Apparent power=S=V×I=V2/(R+jωL)
An Optimal Model for Power Quality Improvement in Smart Grid using Gravitational Search-based Proportional Integral Controller and Node Microcontroller Unit
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
M. Manimegalai, K. Sebasthirani
Khan et al. [4] implemented a hybrid shunt active harmonic power filter (HSAHPF) for the improvement of power quality and decreased harmonic pollution. Hardware in the loop (HIL)-based simulator was applied to control and verify the high power and three-phase power system and the power issues were overcome by HIL-based HSAHPF. In this approach, the distortion of total hormone reduces from 31.74 to 2.38 and the stability time increases by 0.04 s. The power factor rate and the voltage magnitude was diminished when compared with other techniques. Das et al. [20] utilized active filters to improve the power quality and in this study three phases, three wire voltage source shunt active filters were applied. The Power quality issues like harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation, load balancing, and power factor correction were improved through this approach. The analysis shows that with a filter the obtained THD was 8.22% and without a filter, the THD value was about 47.36%. Kumar and Kalavathi [21] proposed the improvement of power quality employing interleaved boost converter fed shunt active filter (ILBCSAF) in the photo voltaic system. This article aimed for reducing the current ripple and employed ILBC among PV systems for enhancing the shunt active filter performance. Lower settling time and lesser peak are the benefits of ILB; meanwhile the load balancing and power quality issues diminished the system effectiveness.
A Centrality Index Based Approach for Selection of Optimal Location of Static Reactive Power Compensator
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2018
In power system network, reactive power is essential to maintain the voltage through the buses present in the system so that active power can be transferred. Voltage control in an electrical power system is important for proper operation of electrical equipments to reduce transmission losses and to prevent voltage collapse. Reactive power plays an important role in function of regulating voltage. While managing reactive power and voltage, main objective is to maintain adequate voltages throughout the transmission and distribution system in addition to minimize real power losses. In restructured electricity market, management of reactive power and its pricing is a separate service for system operator so that voltage stability should be maintained in any condition. Hence, it needs an intelligent planning and suitable procurement of reactive power.
Multi-objective optimization of the flat burnishing process for energy efficiency and surface characteristics
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2019
Trung-Thanh Nguyen, Le-Hai Cao, Xuan-Phuong Dang, Truong-An Nguyen, Quang-Hung Trinh
where, AP, RP, and APP denote the active power consumption, the reactive power, and the apparent power, respectively. The apparent power is the vector sum of the active power and reactive power. The active power is a significant power, which is used to perform the useful load of the device. The reactive power is a useless power but it is necessary for energy conversion. A higher value of the power factor has a significant contribution to an improvement in active power; hence, the device will produce more useful power.