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Graphene-Based Nano-Composite Material for Advanced Nuclear Reactor: A Potential Structural Material for Green Energy
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
The demand for C-free, safe, sustainable and reliable energy alternatives is increasing day by day with the increasing world population. Electricity has not only improved the quality of life and life expectancy, but the easy availability of electricity also has a direct impact on any countries economic prosperity and industrial growth. To date, fossil fuel (coal, natural gas and petroleum) serves as the largest stockholder in fulfilling the global energy need; at the same time, they are the largest contributor (≈66%) to the production of greenhouse gases and climate change. A recent report advocates that the baseline for global energy requirement will grow up to ≈ 25-60 TW from the current consumption of ≈14 TW around 2030 (Zinkle 2005). Tackling the problem of greenhouse gases, preservation of the clean environment, an alternative source of C-free energy is really essential. Nuclear energy has stood out as a promising alternative for clean energy resources without emission of greenhouse gases for current as well as future generation technologies. To date, 10% of the global energy need is supplied by nuclear technology. However, safety and reliability, as well as proliferation resistance of nuclear power, always raises questions in its way to expansion. In a typical fission reactor, a high-energy neutron collides with U238 isotopes at the reactor core to release heat through fission reaction, heats the water above ≈280°C to produce steam, drives the turbine to generate electricity. Apparently, this simple technology possesses severe safety and reliability challenges due to the production of the high-energy neutron, α, β particles and γ-ray irradiation.
A global assessment of geothermal resources
Published in Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Geothermal Water Management, 2018
Geothermal energy is the internal heat of the earth that has accumulated in hydrothermal systems or in dry rocks within the earth’s crust, in amounts which constitute energy resources. Thermal energy accumulated in hydrothermal systems or in hot dry rocks is available in enormous, practically inexhaustible reserves. At the same time, the distribution of this energy in the world is uneven and some resources are located at considerable depths, which makes the exploitation of huge energy reserves uneconomic at the current technological level.
Energy Sources: Renewable versus Non-Renewable
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Energy sources (sometimes called primary energy forms) are found in the natural environment. Some are available in finite quantities (e.g., fossil fuels, fossil fuel-containing substances such as oil sands, peat, and uranium). Some energy resources are renewable (or relatively renewable), including sunlight (or solar energy), falling water, wind, tides, geothermal heat, wood, and other biomass fuels (provided the growth rate exceeds or meets the rate of use). Energy sources are often processed from their raw forms prior to use.
Optimized Design of Mini-grid System for Hilly Region
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Jaynendra Kumar, Anshul Agarwal, Vineeta Agarwal
The different sources of energy are hydro, thermal, nuclear, and non-conventional energy resources like wind, solar, and biomass, small/Micro Hydro Power plants, etc. It has been proved that electrical power consumption is a good parameter for the measurement of economic growth and prosperity of any country. Developed countries have better energy consumption as compared to developing countries like India, where generation is very less in comparison to demand [1]. According to census 2011, around 70% population is still living in rural areas where access to power is very less or not possible. The local population mainly depends on kerosene for lighting and on woods for making food. Even now, some villages are not connected to our power system. The Ministry of power has set a goal to increase per capita energy consumption and availability of power for all [2].
Determinants of household energy choice in West Shoa Zone: in the case of Ambo Town
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Takele Abdisa Nikus, Boharsa Garoma Wayessa
Energy is very crucial for daily life to meet human beings’ basic needs, such as cooking, boiling water, lighting, and heating Behera and Ali (2016). Household energy choice refers to the number of energy resources that are being chosen by households on various use used by the households. The various energy resources include biomass fuel and waste, Kerosene, electricity, gas, petroleum, diesel, and solar. Energy constitutes one of the most important aspects of human life. Efficient energy choice is a basic input for socio-economic growth and development at district, regional, national and local as well as global levels. The development stage of the economic foundation of a country determines the type of energy sources the inhabitants choose. The determinants of energy choice in the country have an impact on the welfare of consumers). Today there is a mounting argument that poverty reduction and development programs have to be reliant on universal access to energy services that are affordable and reliable in good quantity (Ravindra et al. 2019). Human beings, however, use energy for wider purposes, as solid power in the production sector, construction, services, industries, transport and communication, and power generation, as well as for the consumption sector-like cooking, heating, lighting, recreation, and entertainment. There is a strong linkage between energy and the millennium sustainable goals because the existence of extensive poverty in developing countries particularly sub-Saharan Africa without appropriate energy service provision could not address the challenges in the region. In short, the provision of efficient energy services is a compulsory but not sufficient condition for sub-Saharan Africa to pull itself out of poverty. Energy services are seen as one of the means rather than the end itself .
Optimal parameter extraction of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on a new Harris Hawks Optimization algorithm
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Yunchao Song, Xiao Tan, Scott Mizzi
The development and expansion of renewable energy resources have helped to achieve the goals of economic, social, and environmental development and is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable development in any country (El-Fergany, Hasanien, and Agwa 2019). The applications of renewable energy, like in geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and pollution emissions (Eskandari Nasab et al. 2014). Renewable energy costs have high initial investment costs and are low compared to maintenance costs, but in energy production methods from renewable sources, the issue is quite the opposite, while the cost of consuming limited resources of fossil fuels should be added to them (El-Fergany 2018). Other benefits of renewable energy include increased reliability, prevention of pollutant production, increased energy supply security, and increased access to sustainable and reliable energy resources for scattered production for exploitation in rural and less developed areas along with reducing the global warming, economic growth, job creation in disadvantaged areas, increased per capita income and environmental protection in all areas (Liu, Wang, and Ghadimi 2017). Hydrogen, meanwhile, is one of the best alternatives that can be used to perform as an energy carrier (Khodaei et al. 2018). Hydrogen is produced in many ways as the most abundant element on the Earth’s surface (Guo et al. 2020). Hydrogen promises cleaner industries and pollution-free electricity generation (Huang, Zhao, and Jian 2019). Following the conversion of hydrogen into energy, the only thing left is water, not greenhouse gases (Agwa, El-Fergany, and Sarhan 2019). Hydrogen fuel pollution is zero percent when consumed, so it can be a solution to prevent urban air pollution (Razmjooy, Ramezani, and Namadchian 2016). The potential for hydrogen storage is beneficial to power grids because hydrogen can store renewable energy for a high duration (Dideban et al. 2013). In other words, hydrogen helps to develop the energy systems flexibility by making a balance during the production when electricity production is high or low and also increases energy efficiency throughout Europe (Selem, Hasanien, and El‐Fergany 2020).