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Biodiesel Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Paolo Bondioli, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
The first country issuing a national standard for biodiesel was Austria (ONORM) followed by Italy (UNI), both advanced countries in this sector in the early 1990s. Soon the necessity to have International Standards stopped the domestic initiatives, making place for the European Standard EN 14213 (biodiesel for heating purposes) and EN 14214 (biodiesel for automotive). More or less contemporarily in the United States, the Standard ASTM D 6751 reported the necessary properties for American biodiesel. Notwithstanding the purpose of the two norms being the same and some of the measured properties being the same, a cultural difference still exists between the two standards. In fact, while the European Standard was created by people from both the oils and fats and the petroleum world and while it contains many compositional parameters, the American one is mainly oriented toward performances, representing the classic view of petroleum and automotive companies. In addition, the European rule represented a picture of biodiesel prepared from rapeseed oil, while the American norm is a picture of soybean oil biodiesel. After some years, the EN 14213 Standard was abandoned, because the market for heating fuel did not take off and there was no need for a second standard as EN 14214 was more than enough for this application.
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust (Pinus patula) with subsequent bio-oil transesterification for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Denzel Christopher Makepa, Chido Hermes Chihobo, Downmore Musademba
Bio-oil is corrosive because of its low pH value, and the oxygenated components in it make it reactive and unstable. Bio-oil transesterification has been shown to improve the bio-oil properties by converting the organic acids and oxygenated compounds in bio-oil to methyl esters, with a concentration of 510.05 mg/L. The properties of the biodiesel obtained were within the limits stipulated by EN 14214 (a European standard that describes the quality requirements and test methods for biodiesel). Converting bio-oil to biodiesel might be an alternative strategy for improved energy recovery because bio-oil is a complex product that needs further upgrading or distillation to separate distinct energy molecules. It is important to note that the bio-oil’s high fatty acid content increases its acidity, necessitating further upgrading for pH neutralization, which raises the cost overall. Thus, the post-upgrading stage might be avoided by converting bio-oil into biodiesel. However, the biochemicals in the bio-oil can be extracted by solvent extraction methods and they have many applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. MAP of pine sawdust has proved to be a viable waste-to-energy recovery method in the valorization of pine sawdust. It is noted that the pyrolysis of biomass can enhance global energy security and help in mitigating the negative effects of climate change.
A review on the production and physicochemical properties of renewable diesel and its comparison with biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rashi Koul, Naveen Kumar, R.C Singh
Biodiesel came into existence in the early 1930s. The term “biodiesel” defines a “fuel that is a long chain of methyl or ethyl fatty esters which are derived during transesterification process (Figure 1) using vegetable oil or animal fats as the source. This neat, pure biodiesel is designated as B100 as per the standards of ASTM D6751 and European biodiesel standard EN 14112 (“UNE-EN 14214, Automotive fuels. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines. Requirements and test methods.” 2003). As is shown in Figure 1, biodiesel is made by converting second-generation fuels (triglycerides) in the presence of methyl alcohol and base catalysts like NaOH or KOH into FAME and glycerol as a by-product (Balat 2011; Boffito et al. 2017; Fischer and Connemann 1998; Panneerselvam et al. 2015; Patel and Sankhavara 2017; Sonthalia and Kumar 2017; Srivastava and Prasad 2000; Viêgas et al. 2015a). At present, there are many countries like the USA and Germany using 20% of biodiesel (BD20) with diesel in a CI engine.
Effect of copper oxide nanoadditive on diesel engine performance operated with dairy scum biodiesel
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Applications of diesel engines are wide as they exhibit better thermal efficiency and power output. The development of alternative fuels with comparable properties to diesel is in need to protect the environment and energy security (Barnwal and Sharma 2005). The application of biodiesel and its imitative produced from the vegetable oils can help to diminish dependency on exhaustible fossil fuels (Raheman, Jena, and Jadav 2013). The utilisation of biodiesels in engines could consequence in a reduction of particulate matter, HC and CO, soot emissions. But, there is a slender increment in the NOx emission (Roy, Wang, and Bujold 2013). Different biodiesels and their blends from vegetable oils such as jathropa oil and jojoba oil can be used as promising substitute fuels for diesel engines (Agarwal, Shrivastava, and Prasad 2016; Saleh 2009). The biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification method, and properties of the produced biodiesels are within both ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 limits, and hence biodiesels can be successfully used in engines (Hazar and Ozturk 2010).